Ice Growth and Platelet Crystals in Antarctica
First-year land-fast sea ice growth in both the Arctic and the Antarctic is characterised by the formation of an initial ice cover, followed by the direct freezing of seawater at the ice-water interface. Such growth usually results, through geometric selection, in congelation ice. This is, in genera...
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ftvictoriauwfig:oai:figshare.com:article/16984669 2023-05-15T13:35:14+02:00 Ice Growth and Platelet Crystals in Antarctica Crook, Jonathan 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.26686/wgtn.16984669.v1 https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Ice_Growth_and_Platelet_Crystals_in_Antarctica/16984669 unknown doi:10.26686/wgtn.16984669.v1 https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Ice_Growth_and_Platelet_Crystals_in_Antarctica/16984669 Author Retains Copyright Pure Mathematics not elsewhere classified Antarctica Ice Platelet School: School of Mathematics Statistics and Operations Research 010199 Pure Mathematics not elsewhere classified Marsden: 230107 Differential Difference and Integral Equations Marsden: 230113 Dynamical Systems Marsden: 230120 Mathematics not Elsewhere Classified Degree Discipline: Mathematics Degree Level: Doctoral Degree Name: Doctor of Philosophy Text Thesis 2010 ftvictoriauwfig https://doi.org/10.26686/wgtn.16984669.v1 2021-11-11T00:02:54Z First-year land-fast sea ice growth in both the Arctic and the Antarctic is characterised by the formation of an initial ice cover, followed by the direct freezing of seawater at the ice-water interface. Such growth usually results, through geometric selection, in congelation ice. This is, in general, the typical crystal structure observed in first-year ice growth in the Arctic. However, in certain regions of the Antarctic, platelet crystals are observed to contribute significantly to the ice growth, beyond a depth of 1 m. This thesis will investigate a number of ideas as to why the platelet crystals only appear in the ice after a significant amount of congelation growth has occurred. One of the key premises will be that platelet ice forms when smaller frazil crystals, beneath the ice, rise up and attach to the interface. They are then incorporated into the ice cover and become the platelets seen in ice cores. The Shields criterion is used to find the strength of turbulence, associated with tidal flow, required to keep a frazil crystal from adhering to the interface. It is shown that the sub-ice flow is sufficient to keep most crystals in motion. However, this turbulence may weaken or dissipate completely as the tide turns. The velocity associated with brine rejection is suggested as an alternative to keep the crystals in suspension during these periods of low shear turbulence. Brine rejection occurs as the sea ice grows, rejecting salt into the seawater below. By comparing this velocity with a model for the frazil rise velocity it is shown that brine rejection has sufficient strength to keep crystals in suspension. This effect weakens as the ice gets thicker, allowing larger frazil crystals to rise to the interface. The early work in this thesis shows that a flow can keep a single crystal from adhering to the interface. This can be regarded as the competence of a flow to keep a crystal in suspension. However, of equal importance is the capacity of a flow to keep a mass of crystals in suspension. It is shown ... Thesis Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica Arctic Sea ice Open Access Victoria University of Wellington / Te Herenga Waka Arctic Antarctic The Antarctic Marsden ENVELOPE(66.067,66.067,-67.867,-67.867) |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Open Access Victoria University of Wellington / Te Herenga Waka |
op_collection_id |
ftvictoriauwfig |
language |
unknown |
topic |
Pure Mathematics not elsewhere classified Antarctica Ice Platelet School: School of Mathematics Statistics and Operations Research 010199 Pure Mathematics not elsewhere classified Marsden: 230107 Differential Difference and Integral Equations Marsden: 230113 Dynamical Systems Marsden: 230120 Mathematics not Elsewhere Classified Degree Discipline: Mathematics Degree Level: Doctoral Degree Name: Doctor of Philosophy |
spellingShingle |
Pure Mathematics not elsewhere classified Antarctica Ice Platelet School: School of Mathematics Statistics and Operations Research 010199 Pure Mathematics not elsewhere classified Marsden: 230107 Differential Difference and Integral Equations Marsden: 230113 Dynamical Systems Marsden: 230120 Mathematics not Elsewhere Classified Degree Discipline: Mathematics Degree Level: Doctoral Degree Name: Doctor of Philosophy Crook, Jonathan Ice Growth and Platelet Crystals in Antarctica |
topic_facet |
Pure Mathematics not elsewhere classified Antarctica Ice Platelet School: School of Mathematics Statistics and Operations Research 010199 Pure Mathematics not elsewhere classified Marsden: 230107 Differential Difference and Integral Equations Marsden: 230113 Dynamical Systems Marsden: 230120 Mathematics not Elsewhere Classified Degree Discipline: Mathematics Degree Level: Doctoral Degree Name: Doctor of Philosophy |
description |
First-year land-fast sea ice growth in both the Arctic and the Antarctic is characterised by the formation of an initial ice cover, followed by the direct freezing of seawater at the ice-water interface. Such growth usually results, through geometric selection, in congelation ice. This is, in general, the typical crystal structure observed in first-year ice growth in the Arctic. However, in certain regions of the Antarctic, platelet crystals are observed to contribute significantly to the ice growth, beyond a depth of 1 m. This thesis will investigate a number of ideas as to why the platelet crystals only appear in the ice after a significant amount of congelation growth has occurred. One of the key premises will be that platelet ice forms when smaller frazil crystals, beneath the ice, rise up and attach to the interface. They are then incorporated into the ice cover and become the platelets seen in ice cores. The Shields criterion is used to find the strength of turbulence, associated with tidal flow, required to keep a frazil crystal from adhering to the interface. It is shown that the sub-ice flow is sufficient to keep most crystals in motion. However, this turbulence may weaken or dissipate completely as the tide turns. The velocity associated with brine rejection is suggested as an alternative to keep the crystals in suspension during these periods of low shear turbulence. Brine rejection occurs as the sea ice grows, rejecting salt into the seawater below. By comparing this velocity with a model for the frazil rise velocity it is shown that brine rejection has sufficient strength to keep crystals in suspension. This effect weakens as the ice gets thicker, allowing larger frazil crystals to rise to the interface. The early work in this thesis shows that a flow can keep a single crystal from adhering to the interface. This can be regarded as the competence of a flow to keep a crystal in suspension. However, of equal importance is the capacity of a flow to keep a mass of crystals in suspension. It is shown ... |
format |
Thesis |
author |
Crook, Jonathan |
author_facet |
Crook, Jonathan |
author_sort |
Crook, Jonathan |
title |
Ice Growth and Platelet Crystals in Antarctica |
title_short |
Ice Growth and Platelet Crystals in Antarctica |
title_full |
Ice Growth and Platelet Crystals in Antarctica |
title_fullStr |
Ice Growth and Platelet Crystals in Antarctica |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ice Growth and Platelet Crystals in Antarctica |
title_sort |
ice growth and platelet crystals in antarctica |
publishDate |
2010 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.26686/wgtn.16984669.v1 https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Ice_Growth_and_Platelet_Crystals_in_Antarctica/16984669 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(66.067,66.067,-67.867,-67.867) |
geographic |
Arctic Antarctic The Antarctic Marsden |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Antarctic The Antarctic Marsden |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica Arctic Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica Arctic Sea ice |
op_relation |
doi:10.26686/wgtn.16984669.v1 https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Ice_Growth_and_Platelet_Crystals_in_Antarctica/16984669 |
op_rights |
Author Retains Copyright |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.26686/wgtn.16984669.v1 |
_version_ |
1766063132551151616 |