Barystatic and steric sea level variations in the Baltic Sea and implications of water exchange with the North Sea in the satellite era
Satellite altimetry, satellite gravimetry, and in-situ subsurface salinity and temperature profiles are used to investigate the total, barystatic, and steric sea level variations in the Baltic Sea, respectively. To estimate the steric sea level, the density variations are weighted in deeper layers t...
Published in: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
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2022
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Online Access: | https://research.usq.edu.au/item/q7wqx/barystatic-and-steric-sea-level-variations-in-the-baltic-sea-and-implications-of-water-exchange-with-the-north-sea-in-the-satellite-era https://research.usq.edu.au/download/7d798cfb856b5d98c55c66a420400682e968f3d5eb05e658528b3f5fa30dcfdb/9771955/fmars-09-963564.pdf https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.963564 |
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ftusqland:oai:research.usq.edu.au:q7wqx 2023-06-18T03:42:05+02:00 Barystatic and steric sea level variations in the Baltic Sea and implications of water exchange with the North Sea in the satellite era Agha Karimi, Armin Ghobadi-Far, Khosro Passaro, Marcello 2022 application/pdf https://research.usq.edu.au/item/q7wqx/barystatic-and-steric-sea-level-variations-in-the-baltic-sea-and-implications-of-water-exchange-with-the-north-sea-in-the-satellite-era https://research.usq.edu.au/download/7d798cfb856b5d98c55c66a420400682e968f3d5eb05e658528b3f5fa30dcfdb/9771955/fmars-09-963564.pdf https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.963564 unknown https://research.usq.edu.au/download/7d798cfb856b5d98c55c66a420400682e968f3d5eb05e658528b3f5fa30dcfdb/9771955/fmars-09-963564.pdf https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.963564 Agha Karimi, Armin, Ghobadi-Far, Khosro and Passaro, Marcello. 2022. "Barystatic and steric sea level variations in the Baltic Sea and implications of water exchange with the North Sea in the satellite era." Frontiers in Marine Science. 9, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.963564 CC BY 4.0 baltic sea level satellite altimetry grace steric sea level barystatic sea level article PeerReviewed 2022 ftusqland https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.963564 2023-06-05T22:32:49Z Satellite altimetry, satellite gravimetry, and in-situ subsurface salinity and temperature profiles are used to investigate the total, barystatic, and steric sea level variations in the Baltic Sea, respectively. To estimate the steric sea level, the density variations are weighted in deeper layers to prevent overestimation of their contribution. We show that the sum of barystatic and steric components exhibits excellent cross correlation (0.9) with satellite altimetry sea level variations and also explains up to 84% of total signal variability from 2002 to 2019. Considering the dominance of barystatic sea level variations in the basin and the limitation of satellite gravimetry in resolving the mass change in water-land transition zones (known as the leakage problem), the mismatch is likely attributed to the inadequate accuracy of the barystatic datasets. The total sea level and its contributors are further decomposed into seasonal, interannual, and decadal temporal components. It is shown that despite its insignificant contributions to seasonal and interannual changes, the steric sea level plays an important role in decadal variations. Additionally, we show that the interannual variations of the barystatic sea level are governed by the North Atlantic Oscillation in the basin. The sea level variation in the North Sea is also examined to deduce the water exchange patterns on different time scales. A drop in the North Sea level can be seen from 2005 to 2011 which is followed by the Baltic Sea level with a ~3-year lag, implying the outflow from the Baltic Sea to the North Sea. Article in Journal/Newspaper North Atlantic North Atlantic oscillation University of Southern Queensland: USQ ePrints Frontiers in Marine Science 9 |
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Open Polar |
collection |
University of Southern Queensland: USQ ePrints |
op_collection_id |
ftusqland |
language |
unknown |
topic |
baltic sea level satellite altimetry grace steric sea level barystatic sea level |
spellingShingle |
baltic sea level satellite altimetry grace steric sea level barystatic sea level Agha Karimi, Armin Ghobadi-Far, Khosro Passaro, Marcello Barystatic and steric sea level variations in the Baltic Sea and implications of water exchange with the North Sea in the satellite era |
topic_facet |
baltic sea level satellite altimetry grace steric sea level barystatic sea level |
description |
Satellite altimetry, satellite gravimetry, and in-situ subsurface salinity and temperature profiles are used to investigate the total, barystatic, and steric sea level variations in the Baltic Sea, respectively. To estimate the steric sea level, the density variations are weighted in deeper layers to prevent overestimation of their contribution. We show that the sum of barystatic and steric components exhibits excellent cross correlation (0.9) with satellite altimetry sea level variations and also explains up to 84% of total signal variability from 2002 to 2019. Considering the dominance of barystatic sea level variations in the basin and the limitation of satellite gravimetry in resolving the mass change in water-land transition zones (known as the leakage problem), the mismatch is likely attributed to the inadequate accuracy of the barystatic datasets. The total sea level and its contributors are further decomposed into seasonal, interannual, and decadal temporal components. It is shown that despite its insignificant contributions to seasonal and interannual changes, the steric sea level plays an important role in decadal variations. Additionally, we show that the interannual variations of the barystatic sea level are governed by the North Atlantic Oscillation in the basin. The sea level variation in the North Sea is also examined to deduce the water exchange patterns on different time scales. A drop in the North Sea level can be seen from 2005 to 2011 which is followed by the Baltic Sea level with a ~3-year lag, implying the outflow from the Baltic Sea to the North Sea. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Agha Karimi, Armin Ghobadi-Far, Khosro Passaro, Marcello |
author_facet |
Agha Karimi, Armin Ghobadi-Far, Khosro Passaro, Marcello |
author_sort |
Agha Karimi, Armin |
title |
Barystatic and steric sea level variations in the Baltic Sea and implications of water exchange with the North Sea in the satellite era |
title_short |
Barystatic and steric sea level variations in the Baltic Sea and implications of water exchange with the North Sea in the satellite era |
title_full |
Barystatic and steric sea level variations in the Baltic Sea and implications of water exchange with the North Sea in the satellite era |
title_fullStr |
Barystatic and steric sea level variations in the Baltic Sea and implications of water exchange with the North Sea in the satellite era |
title_full_unstemmed |
Barystatic and steric sea level variations in the Baltic Sea and implications of water exchange with the North Sea in the satellite era |
title_sort |
barystatic and steric sea level variations in the baltic sea and implications of water exchange with the north sea in the satellite era |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://research.usq.edu.au/item/q7wqx/barystatic-and-steric-sea-level-variations-in-the-baltic-sea-and-implications-of-water-exchange-with-the-north-sea-in-the-satellite-era https://research.usq.edu.au/download/7d798cfb856b5d98c55c66a420400682e968f3d5eb05e658528b3f5fa30dcfdb/9771955/fmars-09-963564.pdf https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.963564 |
genre |
North Atlantic North Atlantic oscillation |
genre_facet |
North Atlantic North Atlantic oscillation |
op_relation |
https://research.usq.edu.au/download/7d798cfb856b5d98c55c66a420400682e968f3d5eb05e658528b3f5fa30dcfdb/9771955/fmars-09-963564.pdf https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.963564 Agha Karimi, Armin, Ghobadi-Far, Khosro and Passaro, Marcello. 2022. "Barystatic and steric sea level variations in the Baltic Sea and implications of water exchange with the North Sea in the satellite era." Frontiers in Marine Science. 9, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.963564 |
op_rights |
CC BY 4.0 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.963564 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
container_volume |
9 |
_version_ |
1769007893546270720 |