High genetic variability of vagrant polar bears illustrates importance of population connectivity in fragmented sea ice habitats

• Published in: Animal Conservation
• Main Authors: Kutschera, Verena E., Frosch, C., Janke, A., Skirnisson, K., Bidon, T., Lecomte, N., Fain, S. R., Eiken, H. G., Hagen, S. B., Arnason, U., Laidre, K. L., Nowak, C., Hailer, F.
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Uppsala universitet, Evolutionsbiologi 2016
• Subjects: climate change; dispersal; genetic variability; habitat fragmentation; inbreeding; Arctic sea ice; Ursus maritimus; polar bear; Evolutionary Biology; Evolutionsbiologi; Ecology; Ekologi; Arctic; Greenland; Arctic Basin; Climate change; East Greenland; Fram Strait; Iceland; Sea ice
• Online Access: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-305942; https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12250

Projections by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and sea ice forecasts suggest that Arctic sea ice will decline markedly in coming decades. Expected effects on the entire ecosystem include a contraction of suitable polar bear habitat into one or few refugia. Such large-scale habitat decline and fragmentation could lead to reduced genetic diversity. Here we compare genetic variability of four vagrant polar bears that reached Iceland with that in recognized subpopulations from across the range, examining 23 autosomal microsatellites, mitochondrial control region sequences and Y-chromosomal markers. The vagrants' genotypes grouped with different genetic clusters and showed similar genetic variability at autosomal microsatellites (expected heterozygosity, allelic richness, and individual heterozygosity) as individuals in recognized subpopulations. Each vagrant carried a different mitochondrial haplotype. A likely route for polar bears to reach Iceland is via Fram Strait, a major gateway for the physical exportation of sea ice from the Arctic basin. Vagrant polar bears on Iceland likely originated from more than one recognized subpopulation, and may have been caught in sea ice export during long-distance movements to the East Greenland area. Although their potentially diverse geographic origins might suggest that these vagrants encompass much higher genetic variability than vagrants or dispersers in other regions, the four Icelandic vagrants encompassed similar genetic variability as any four randomly picked individuals from a single subpopulation or from the entire sample. We suggest that this is a consequence of the low overall genetic variability and weak range-wide genetic structuring of polar bears - few dispersers can represent a large portion of the species' gene pool. As predicted by theory and our demographic simulations, continued gene flow will be necessary to counteract loss of genetic variability in increasingly fragmented Arctic habitats. Similar considerations will be important in ...