Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom
The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE triggered a power struggle that ultimately ended the Roman Republic and, eventually, the Ptolemaic Kingdom, leading to the rise of the Roman Empire. Climate proxies and written documents indicate that this struggle occurred during a period of unusually in...
Published in: | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
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Online Access: | https://risweb.st-andrews.ac.uk/portal/en/researchoutput/extreme-climate-after-massive-eruption-of-alaskas-okmok-volcano-in-43-bce-and-effects-on-the-late-roman-republic-and-ptolemaic-kingdom(d55b2580-b79c-412c-b07b-3e289033d14f).html https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/10023/21184/1/Okmok_accepted_version_052420_24_05_2020_at_15.45.06_reduced_1_.pdf |
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ftunstandrewcris:oai:risweb.st-andrews.ac.uk:publications/d55b2580-b79c-412c-b07b-3e289033d14f 2023-05-15T15:12:54+02:00 Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom McConnell, Joseph R. Sigl, Michael Plunkett, Gill Burke, Andrea Kim, Woon Mi Raible, Christoph C. Wilson, Andrew I. Manning, Joseph G. Ludlow, Francis Chellman, Nathan J. Innes, Helen M. Yang, Zhen Larsen, Jessica F. Schaefer, Janet R. Kipfstuhl, Sepp Mojtabavi, Seyedhamidreza Wilhelms, Frank Opel, Thomas Meyer, Hanno Steffensen, Jørgen Peder 2020-06-22 application/pdf https://risweb.st-andrews.ac.uk/portal/en/researchoutput/extreme-climate-after-massive-eruption-of-alaskas-okmok-volcano-in-43-bce-and-effects-on-the-late-roman-republic-and-ptolemaic-kingdom(d55b2580-b79c-412c-b07b-3e289033d14f).html https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/10023/21184/1/Okmok_accepted_version_052420_24_05_2020_at_15.45.06_reduced_1_.pdf eng eng info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess McConnell , J R , Sigl , M , Plunkett , G , Burke , A , Kim , W M , Raible , C C , Wilson , A I , Manning , J G , Ludlow , F , Chellman , N J , Innes , H M , Yang , Z , Larsen , J F , Schaefer , J R , Kipfstuhl , S , Mojtabavi , S , Wilhelms , F , Opel , T , Meyer , H & Steffensen , J P 2020 , ' Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom ' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol. Latest Articles , 2002722117 . https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 Ice core Volcano Okmok Rome Climate forcing article 2020 ftunstandrewcris https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 2021-12-26T14:36:48Z The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE triggered a power struggle that ultimately ended the Roman Republic and, eventually, the Ptolemaic Kingdom, leading to the rise of the Roman Empire. Climate proxies and written documents indicate that this struggle occurred during a period of unusually inclement weather, famine, and disease in the Mediterranean region; historians have previously speculated that a large volcanic eruption of unknown origin was the most likely cause. Here we show using well-dated volcanic fallout records in six Arctic ice cores that one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the past 2,500 y occurred in early 43 BCE, with distinct geochemistry of tephra deposited during the event identifying the Okmok volcano in Alaska as the source. Climate proxy records show that 43 and 42 BCE were among the coldest years of recent millennia in the Northern Hemisphere at the start of one of the coldest decades. Earth system modeling suggests that radiative forcing from this massive, high-latitude eruption led to pronounced changes in hydroclimate, including seasonal temperatures in specific Mediterranean regions as much as 7 °C below normal during the 2 y period following the eruption and unusually wet conditions. While it is difficult to establish direct causal linkages to thinly documented historical events, the wet and very cold conditions from this massive eruption on the opposite side of Earth probably resulted in crop failures, famine, and disease, exacerbating social unrest and contributing to political realignments throughout the Mediterranean region at this critical juncture of Western civilization. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic ice core Alaska University of St Andrews: Research Portal Arctic Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 27 15443 15449 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
University of St Andrews: Research Portal |
op_collection_id |
ftunstandrewcris |
language |
English |
topic |
Ice core Volcano Okmok Rome Climate forcing |
spellingShingle |
Ice core Volcano Okmok Rome Climate forcing McConnell, Joseph R. Sigl, Michael Plunkett, Gill Burke, Andrea Kim, Woon Mi Raible, Christoph C. Wilson, Andrew I. Manning, Joseph G. Ludlow, Francis Chellman, Nathan J. Innes, Helen M. Yang, Zhen Larsen, Jessica F. Schaefer, Janet R. Kipfstuhl, Sepp Mojtabavi, Seyedhamidreza Wilhelms, Frank Opel, Thomas Meyer, Hanno Steffensen, Jørgen Peder Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom |
topic_facet |
Ice core Volcano Okmok Rome Climate forcing |
description |
The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE triggered a power struggle that ultimately ended the Roman Republic and, eventually, the Ptolemaic Kingdom, leading to the rise of the Roman Empire. Climate proxies and written documents indicate that this struggle occurred during a period of unusually inclement weather, famine, and disease in the Mediterranean region; historians have previously speculated that a large volcanic eruption of unknown origin was the most likely cause. Here we show using well-dated volcanic fallout records in six Arctic ice cores that one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the past 2,500 y occurred in early 43 BCE, with distinct geochemistry of tephra deposited during the event identifying the Okmok volcano in Alaska as the source. Climate proxy records show that 43 and 42 BCE were among the coldest years of recent millennia in the Northern Hemisphere at the start of one of the coldest decades. Earth system modeling suggests that radiative forcing from this massive, high-latitude eruption led to pronounced changes in hydroclimate, including seasonal temperatures in specific Mediterranean regions as much as 7 °C below normal during the 2 y period following the eruption and unusually wet conditions. While it is difficult to establish direct causal linkages to thinly documented historical events, the wet and very cold conditions from this massive eruption on the opposite side of Earth probably resulted in crop failures, famine, and disease, exacerbating social unrest and contributing to political realignments throughout the Mediterranean region at this critical juncture of Western civilization. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
McConnell, Joseph R. Sigl, Michael Plunkett, Gill Burke, Andrea Kim, Woon Mi Raible, Christoph C. Wilson, Andrew I. Manning, Joseph G. Ludlow, Francis Chellman, Nathan J. Innes, Helen M. Yang, Zhen Larsen, Jessica F. Schaefer, Janet R. Kipfstuhl, Sepp Mojtabavi, Seyedhamidreza Wilhelms, Frank Opel, Thomas Meyer, Hanno Steffensen, Jørgen Peder |
author_facet |
McConnell, Joseph R. Sigl, Michael Plunkett, Gill Burke, Andrea Kim, Woon Mi Raible, Christoph C. Wilson, Andrew I. Manning, Joseph G. Ludlow, Francis Chellman, Nathan J. Innes, Helen M. Yang, Zhen Larsen, Jessica F. Schaefer, Janet R. Kipfstuhl, Sepp Mojtabavi, Seyedhamidreza Wilhelms, Frank Opel, Thomas Meyer, Hanno Steffensen, Jørgen Peder |
author_sort |
McConnell, Joseph R. |
title |
Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom |
title_short |
Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom |
title_full |
Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom |
title_fullStr |
Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom |
title_full_unstemmed |
Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom |
title_sort |
extreme climate after massive eruption of alaska's okmok volcano in 43 bce and effects on the late roman republic and ptolemaic kingdom |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://risweb.st-andrews.ac.uk/portal/en/researchoutput/extreme-climate-after-massive-eruption-of-alaskas-okmok-volcano-in-43-bce-and-effects-on-the-late-roman-republic-and-ptolemaic-kingdom(d55b2580-b79c-412c-b07b-3e289033d14f).html https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/10023/21184/1/Okmok_accepted_version_052420_24_05_2020_at_15.45.06_reduced_1_.pdf |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic ice core Alaska |
genre_facet |
Arctic ice core Alaska |
op_source |
McConnell , J R , Sigl , M , Plunkett , G , Burke , A , Kim , W M , Raible , C C , Wilson , A I , Manning , J G , Ludlow , F , Chellman , N J , Innes , H M , Yang , Z , Larsen , J F , Schaefer , J R , Kipfstuhl , S , Mojtabavi , S , Wilhelms , F , Opel , T , Meyer , H & Steffensen , J P 2020 , ' Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom ' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol. Latest Articles , 2002722117 . https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 |
op_rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 |
container_title |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
container_volume |
117 |
container_issue |
27 |
container_start_page |
15443 |
op_container_end_page |
15449 |
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1766343529995436032 |