Estimated tissue and blood N2 levels and risk of in vivo bubble formation in deep-, intermediate- and shallow diving toothed whales during exposure to naval sonar.
Naval sonar has been accused of causing whale stranding by a mechanism which increases formation of tissue N2 gas bubbles. Increased tissue and blood N2 levels, and thereby increased risk of decompression sickness (DCS), is thought to result from changes in behavior or physiological responses during...
Published in: | Frontiers in Physiology |
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2012
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Online Access: | https://research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk/en/researchoutput/estimated-tissue-and-blood-n2-levels-and-risk-of-in-vivo-bubble-formation-in-deep-intermediate-and-shallow-diving-toothed-whales-during-exposure-to-naval-sonar(ad28d050-e42b-4dcf-b21f-b83ea165ddaa).html https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00125 https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/10023/3301/1/Kvadsheimetal2012FrontiersAquaticPhy3_125.pdf |
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ftunstandrewcris:oai:research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk:publications/ad28d050-e42b-4dcf-b21f-b83ea165ddaa 2024-06-23T07:57:12+00:00 Estimated tissue and blood N2 levels and risk of in vivo bubble formation in deep-, intermediate- and shallow diving toothed whales during exposure to naval sonar. Kvadsheim, Petter H Miller, Patrick Tyack, Peter Lloyd Sivle, Lise D Lam, Frans Peter Fahlman, Andreas 2012-05-10 application/pdf https://research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk/en/researchoutput/estimated-tissue-and-blood-n2-levels-and-risk-of-in-vivo-bubble-formation-in-deep-intermediate-and-shallow-diving-toothed-whales-during-exposure-to-naval-sonar(ad28d050-e42b-4dcf-b21f-b83ea165ddaa).html https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00125 https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/10023/3301/1/Kvadsheimetal2012FrontiersAquaticPhy3_125.pdf eng eng https://research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk/en/researchoutput/estimated-tissue-and-blood-n2-levels-and-risk-of-in-vivo-bubble-formation-in-deep-intermediate-and-shallow-diving-toothed-whales-during-exposure-to-naval-sonar(ad28d050-e42b-4dcf-b21f-b83ea165ddaa).html info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Kvadsheim , P H , Miller , P , Tyack , P L , Sivle , L D , Lam , F P & Fahlman , A 2012 , ' Estimated tissue and blood N2 levels and risk of in vivo bubble formation in deep-, intermediate- and shallow diving toothed whales during exposure to naval sonar. ' , Frontiers in Physiology , vol. 3 , 125 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00125 Diving physiology Modeling Decompression sickness Marine mammals Gas exchange article 2012 ftunstandrewcris https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00125 2024-06-13T00:36:41Z Naval sonar has been accused of causing whale stranding by a mechanism which increases formation of tissue N2 gas bubbles. Increased tissue and blood N2 levels, and thereby increased risk of decompression sickness (DCS), is thought to result from changes in behavior or physiological responses during diving. Previous theoretical studies have used hypothetical sonar-induced changes in both behavior and physiology to model blood and tissue N2 tension PN2, but this is the first attempt to estimate the changes during actual behavioral responses to sonar. We used an existing mathematical model to estimate blood and tissue N2 tension PN2 from dive data recorded from sperm, killer, long-finned pilot, Blainville’s beaked, and Cuvier’s beaked whales before and during exposure to Low- (1–2 kHz) and Mid- (2–7 kHz) frequency active sonar. Our objectives were: (1) to determine if differences in dive behavior affects risk of bubble formation, and if (2) behavioral- or (3) physiological responses to sonar are plausible risk factors. Our results suggest that all species have natural high N2 levels, with deep diving generally resulting in higher end-dive PN2 as compared with shallow diving. Sonar exposure caused some changes in dive behavior in both killer whales, pilot whales and beaked whales, but this did not lead to any increased risk of DCS. However, in three of eight exposure session with sperm whales, the animal changed to shallower diving, and in all these cases this seem to result in an increased risk of DCS, although risk was still within the normal risk range of this species. When a hypothetical removal of the normal dive response (bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction), was added to the behavioral response during model simulations, this led to an increased variance in the estimated end-dive N2 levels, but no consistent change of risk. In conclusion, we cannot rule out the possibility that a combination of behavioral and physiological responses to sonar have the potential to alter the blood and tissue end-dive N2 ... Article in Journal/Newspaper toothed whales University of St Andrews: Research Portal Frontiers in Physiology 3 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
University of St Andrews: Research Portal |
op_collection_id |
ftunstandrewcris |
language |
English |
topic |
Diving physiology Modeling Decompression sickness Marine mammals Gas exchange |
spellingShingle |
Diving physiology Modeling Decompression sickness Marine mammals Gas exchange Kvadsheim, Petter H Miller, Patrick Tyack, Peter Lloyd Sivle, Lise D Lam, Frans Peter Fahlman, Andreas Estimated tissue and blood N2 levels and risk of in vivo bubble formation in deep-, intermediate- and shallow diving toothed whales during exposure to naval sonar. |
topic_facet |
Diving physiology Modeling Decompression sickness Marine mammals Gas exchange |
description |
Naval sonar has been accused of causing whale stranding by a mechanism which increases formation of tissue N2 gas bubbles. Increased tissue and blood N2 levels, and thereby increased risk of decompression sickness (DCS), is thought to result from changes in behavior or physiological responses during diving. Previous theoretical studies have used hypothetical sonar-induced changes in both behavior and physiology to model blood and tissue N2 tension PN2, but this is the first attempt to estimate the changes during actual behavioral responses to sonar. We used an existing mathematical model to estimate blood and tissue N2 tension PN2 from dive data recorded from sperm, killer, long-finned pilot, Blainville’s beaked, and Cuvier’s beaked whales before and during exposure to Low- (1–2 kHz) and Mid- (2–7 kHz) frequency active sonar. Our objectives were: (1) to determine if differences in dive behavior affects risk of bubble formation, and if (2) behavioral- or (3) physiological responses to sonar are plausible risk factors. Our results suggest that all species have natural high N2 levels, with deep diving generally resulting in higher end-dive PN2 as compared with shallow diving. Sonar exposure caused some changes in dive behavior in both killer whales, pilot whales and beaked whales, but this did not lead to any increased risk of DCS. However, in three of eight exposure session with sperm whales, the animal changed to shallower diving, and in all these cases this seem to result in an increased risk of DCS, although risk was still within the normal risk range of this species. When a hypothetical removal of the normal dive response (bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction), was added to the behavioral response during model simulations, this led to an increased variance in the estimated end-dive N2 levels, but no consistent change of risk. In conclusion, we cannot rule out the possibility that a combination of behavioral and physiological responses to sonar have the potential to alter the blood and tissue end-dive N2 ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Kvadsheim, Petter H Miller, Patrick Tyack, Peter Lloyd Sivle, Lise D Lam, Frans Peter Fahlman, Andreas |
author_facet |
Kvadsheim, Petter H Miller, Patrick Tyack, Peter Lloyd Sivle, Lise D Lam, Frans Peter Fahlman, Andreas |
author_sort |
Kvadsheim, Petter H |
title |
Estimated tissue and blood N2 levels and risk of in vivo bubble formation in deep-, intermediate- and shallow diving toothed whales during exposure to naval sonar. |
title_short |
Estimated tissue and blood N2 levels and risk of in vivo bubble formation in deep-, intermediate- and shallow diving toothed whales during exposure to naval sonar. |
title_full |
Estimated tissue and blood N2 levels and risk of in vivo bubble formation in deep-, intermediate- and shallow diving toothed whales during exposure to naval sonar. |
title_fullStr |
Estimated tissue and blood N2 levels and risk of in vivo bubble formation in deep-, intermediate- and shallow diving toothed whales during exposure to naval sonar. |
title_full_unstemmed |
Estimated tissue and blood N2 levels and risk of in vivo bubble formation in deep-, intermediate- and shallow diving toothed whales during exposure to naval sonar. |
title_sort |
estimated tissue and blood n2 levels and risk of in vivo bubble formation in deep-, intermediate- and shallow diving toothed whales during exposure to naval sonar. |
publishDate |
2012 |
url |
https://research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk/en/researchoutput/estimated-tissue-and-blood-n2-levels-and-risk-of-in-vivo-bubble-formation-in-deep-intermediate-and-shallow-diving-toothed-whales-during-exposure-to-naval-sonar(ad28d050-e42b-4dcf-b21f-b83ea165ddaa).html https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00125 https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/10023/3301/1/Kvadsheimetal2012FrontiersAquaticPhy3_125.pdf |
genre |
toothed whales |
genre_facet |
toothed whales |
op_source |
Kvadsheim , P H , Miller , P , Tyack , P L , Sivle , L D , Lam , F P & Fahlman , A 2012 , ' Estimated tissue and blood N2 levels and risk of in vivo bubble formation in deep-, intermediate- and shallow diving toothed whales during exposure to naval sonar. ' , Frontiers in Physiology , vol. 3 , 125 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00125 |
op_relation |
https://research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk/en/researchoutput/estimated-tissue-and-blood-n2-levels-and-risk-of-in-vivo-bubble-formation-in-deep-intermediate-and-shallow-diving-toothed-whales-during-exposure-to-naval-sonar(ad28d050-e42b-4dcf-b21f-b83ea165ddaa).html |
op_rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00125 |
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Frontiers in Physiology |
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1802650724193009664 |