The influence of debris cover and glacial lakes on the recession of glaciers in Sikkim Himalaya, India
We investigated area changes in glaciers covering an area of ~200km 2 in the Tista basin, Sikkim, Eastern Indian Himalaya, between ~1990 and 2010 using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Indian Remote-sensing Satellite (IRS) images and related the changes to debris cover, supraglacial lakes and morain...
Published in: | Journal of Glaciology |
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2013
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ftunstandrewcris:oai:research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk:publications/8a4889e5-b797-4faf-b351-34bafcc3c324 2024-09-15T18:15:42+00:00 The influence of debris cover and glacial lakes on the recession of glaciers in Sikkim Himalaya, India Basnett, Smriti Kulkarni, Anil V. Bolch, Tobias 2013-12-01 https://research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk/en/researchoutput/the-influence-of-debris-cover-and-glacial-lakes-on-the-recession-of-glaciers-in-sikkim-himalaya-india(8a4889e5-b797-4faf-b351-34bafcc3c324).html https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG12J184 http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84894138436&partnerID=8YFLogxK eng eng https://research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk/en/researchoutput/the-influence-of-debris-cover-and-glacial-lakes-on-the-recession-of-glaciers-in-sikkim-himalaya-india(8a4889e5-b797-4faf-b351-34bafcc3c324).html info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess Basnett , S , Kulkarni , A V & Bolch , T 2013 , ' The influence of debris cover and glacial lakes on the recession of glaciers in Sikkim Himalaya, India ' , Journal of Glaciology , vol. 59 , no. 218 , pp. 1035-1046 . https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG12J184 article 2013 ftunstandrewcris https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG12J184 2024-08-21T23:46:11Z We investigated area changes in glaciers covering an area of ~200km 2 in the Tista basin, Sikkim, Eastern Indian Himalaya, between ~1990 and 2010 using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Indian Remote-sensing Satellite (IRS) images and related the changes to debris cover, supraglacial lakes and moraine-dam lakes. The glaciers lost an area of 3.3 ± 0.8% between 1989/90 and 2010. More detailed analysis revealed an area loss of 2.00 ± 0.82, 2.56 ± 0.61 and 2.28 ± 2.01 km 2 for the periods 1989-97, 1997-2004/05 and 2004-2009/10, respectively. This indicates an accelerated retreat of glaciers after 1997. On further analysis, we observed (1) the formation and expansion of supraglacial lakes on many debris-covered glaciers and (2) the merging of these lakes over time, leading to the development of large moraine-dam lakes. We also observed that debris-covered glaciers with lakes lose a greater area than debris-covered glaciers without lakes and debris-free glaciers. The climatic data for 24 years (1987-2011), measured at the Gangtok meteorological station (1812ma.s.l.), showed that the region experienced a 1.0°C rise in the summer minimum temperature and a 2.0°C rise in the winter minimum temperature, indicating hotter summers and warmer winters. There was no significant trend in the total annual precipitation. We find that glacier retreat is caused mainly by a temperature increase and that debris-covered glaciers can retreat at a faster rate than debris-free glaciers, if associated with lakes. Article in Journal/Newspaper Journal of Glaciology University of St Andrews: Research Portal Journal of Glaciology 59 218 1035 1046 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
University of St Andrews: Research Portal |
op_collection_id |
ftunstandrewcris |
language |
English |
description |
We investigated area changes in glaciers covering an area of ~200km 2 in the Tista basin, Sikkim, Eastern Indian Himalaya, between ~1990 and 2010 using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Indian Remote-sensing Satellite (IRS) images and related the changes to debris cover, supraglacial lakes and moraine-dam lakes. The glaciers lost an area of 3.3 ± 0.8% between 1989/90 and 2010. More detailed analysis revealed an area loss of 2.00 ± 0.82, 2.56 ± 0.61 and 2.28 ± 2.01 km 2 for the periods 1989-97, 1997-2004/05 and 2004-2009/10, respectively. This indicates an accelerated retreat of glaciers after 1997. On further analysis, we observed (1) the formation and expansion of supraglacial lakes on many debris-covered glaciers and (2) the merging of these lakes over time, leading to the development of large moraine-dam lakes. We also observed that debris-covered glaciers with lakes lose a greater area than debris-covered glaciers without lakes and debris-free glaciers. The climatic data for 24 years (1987-2011), measured at the Gangtok meteorological station (1812ma.s.l.), showed that the region experienced a 1.0°C rise in the summer minimum temperature and a 2.0°C rise in the winter minimum temperature, indicating hotter summers and warmer winters. There was no significant trend in the total annual precipitation. We find that glacier retreat is caused mainly by a temperature increase and that debris-covered glaciers can retreat at a faster rate than debris-free glaciers, if associated with lakes. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Basnett, Smriti Kulkarni, Anil V. Bolch, Tobias |
spellingShingle |
Basnett, Smriti Kulkarni, Anil V. Bolch, Tobias The influence of debris cover and glacial lakes on the recession of glaciers in Sikkim Himalaya, India |
author_facet |
Basnett, Smriti Kulkarni, Anil V. Bolch, Tobias |
author_sort |
Basnett, Smriti |
title |
The influence of debris cover and glacial lakes on the recession of glaciers in Sikkim Himalaya, India |
title_short |
The influence of debris cover and glacial lakes on the recession of glaciers in Sikkim Himalaya, India |
title_full |
The influence of debris cover and glacial lakes on the recession of glaciers in Sikkim Himalaya, India |
title_fullStr |
The influence of debris cover and glacial lakes on the recession of glaciers in Sikkim Himalaya, India |
title_full_unstemmed |
The influence of debris cover and glacial lakes on the recession of glaciers in Sikkim Himalaya, India |
title_sort |
influence of debris cover and glacial lakes on the recession of glaciers in sikkim himalaya, india |
publishDate |
2013 |
url |
https://research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk/en/researchoutput/the-influence-of-debris-cover-and-glacial-lakes-on-the-recession-of-glaciers-in-sikkim-himalaya-india(8a4889e5-b797-4faf-b351-34bafcc3c324).html https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG12J184 http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84894138436&partnerID=8YFLogxK |
genre |
Journal of Glaciology |
genre_facet |
Journal of Glaciology |
op_source |
Basnett , S , Kulkarni , A V & Bolch , T 2013 , ' The influence of debris cover and glacial lakes on the recession of glaciers in Sikkim Himalaya, India ' , Journal of Glaciology , vol. 59 , no. 218 , pp. 1035-1046 . https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG12J184 |
op_relation |
https://research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk/en/researchoutput/the-influence-of-debris-cover-and-glacial-lakes-on-the-recession-of-glaciers-in-sikkim-himalaya-india(8a4889e5-b797-4faf-b351-34bafcc3c324).html |
op_rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG12J184 |
container_title |
Journal of Glaciology |
container_volume |
59 |
container_issue |
218 |
container_start_page |
1035 |
op_container_end_page |
1046 |
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1810453636565696512 |