The risk of infection from polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in harbor porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena ) - A case-control approach
The objective of this study was to determine whether the risk of mortality from infectious disease in harbor porpoise in U.K. waters increased with high exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), using a case-control study design. This is the first time that data from a long-term marine mammal st...
Published in: | Environmental Health Perspectives |
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2006
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Online Access: | https://research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk/en/publications/04a834d1-c3e9-4846-99d0-850714f50e14 https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8222 http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/8222/8222.html |
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ftunstandrewcris:oai:research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk:publications/04a834d1-c3e9-4846-99d0-850714f50e14 2024-10-13T14:06:49+00:00 The risk of infection from polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in harbor porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena ) - A case-control approach Hall, Ailsa Jane Hugunin, K Deaville, R Law, R Allchin, C R Jepson, P D 2006-05 https://research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk/en/publications/04a834d1-c3e9-4846-99d0-850714f50e14 https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8222 http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/8222/8222.html eng eng info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess Hall , A J , Hugunin , K , Deaville , R , Law , R , Allchin , C R & Jepson , P D 2006 , ' The risk of infection from polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in harbor porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena ) - A case-control approach ' , Environmental Health Perspectives , vol. 114 , pp. 704 - 711 . https://doi.org/doi:10.1289/ehp.8222 cetaceans dose response immunosuppression PCBs risk assessment SEALS PHOCA-VITULINA BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS BEARS URSUS-MARITIMUS MATCHED CASE-CONTROL QUASIMEME LABORATORY-PERFORMANCE BALTIC SEA ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS MARINE MAMMALS SELECTION BIAS DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS article 2006 ftunstandrewcris https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8222 2024-09-26T14:11:27Z The objective of this study was to determine whether the risk of mortality from infectious disease in harbor porpoise in U.K. waters increased with high exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), using a case-control study design. This is the first time that data from a long-term marine mammal strandings scheme have been used to estimate any increase in risk The exposure odds ratio (OR) from a logistic regression model with infectious disease deaths as cases and physical trauma deaths as controls, after controlling for the effect of confounding factors, was 1.048 [95% confidence interval (0), 1.02-1.07]. To further adjust for the difference in energetic status between cases and controls and account for the negative relationship between PCBs (sum of 25 chlorobiphenyl congeners) and blubber mass, we also "standardized" the blubber PCBs to an optimal blubber mass. This lowered the OR to 1.02 (95% Cl, 1.00-1-03). Thus, for each 1 mg/kg increase in blubber PcBs, the average increase in risk of infectious disease mortality was 2%. A doubling of risk occurred at approximately 45 mg/kg lipid. In this study, we have endeavored to avoid selection bias by using controls that died of physical trauma as representative of the exposure prevalence in the population that gave rise to the cases. In addition, we controlled for the effect of variation in energetic status among the cases and controls. However, as with case-control studies in human and veterinary epidemiology, unforeseen misclassification errors may result in biased risk estimates in either direction. Article in Journal/Newspaper Delphinapterus leucas Phoca vitulina Phocoena phocoena Ursus maritimus University of St Andrews: Research Portal Environmental Health Perspectives 114 5 704 711 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
University of St Andrews: Research Portal |
op_collection_id |
ftunstandrewcris |
language |
English |
topic |
cetaceans dose response immunosuppression PCBs risk assessment SEALS PHOCA-VITULINA BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS BEARS URSUS-MARITIMUS MATCHED CASE-CONTROL QUASIMEME LABORATORY-PERFORMANCE BALTIC SEA ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS MARINE MAMMALS SELECTION BIAS DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS |
spellingShingle |
cetaceans dose response immunosuppression PCBs risk assessment SEALS PHOCA-VITULINA BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS BEARS URSUS-MARITIMUS MATCHED CASE-CONTROL QUASIMEME LABORATORY-PERFORMANCE BALTIC SEA ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS MARINE MAMMALS SELECTION BIAS DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS Hall, Ailsa Jane Hugunin, K Deaville, R Law, R Allchin, C R Jepson, P D The risk of infection from polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in harbor porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena ) - A case-control approach |
topic_facet |
cetaceans dose response immunosuppression PCBs risk assessment SEALS PHOCA-VITULINA BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS BEARS URSUS-MARITIMUS MATCHED CASE-CONTROL QUASIMEME LABORATORY-PERFORMANCE BALTIC SEA ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS MARINE MAMMALS SELECTION BIAS DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS |
description |
The objective of this study was to determine whether the risk of mortality from infectious disease in harbor porpoise in U.K. waters increased with high exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), using a case-control study design. This is the first time that data from a long-term marine mammal strandings scheme have been used to estimate any increase in risk The exposure odds ratio (OR) from a logistic regression model with infectious disease deaths as cases and physical trauma deaths as controls, after controlling for the effect of confounding factors, was 1.048 [95% confidence interval (0), 1.02-1.07]. To further adjust for the difference in energetic status between cases and controls and account for the negative relationship between PCBs (sum of 25 chlorobiphenyl congeners) and blubber mass, we also "standardized" the blubber PCBs to an optimal blubber mass. This lowered the OR to 1.02 (95% Cl, 1.00-1-03). Thus, for each 1 mg/kg increase in blubber PcBs, the average increase in risk of infectious disease mortality was 2%. A doubling of risk occurred at approximately 45 mg/kg lipid. In this study, we have endeavored to avoid selection bias by using controls that died of physical trauma as representative of the exposure prevalence in the population that gave rise to the cases. In addition, we controlled for the effect of variation in energetic status among the cases and controls. However, as with case-control studies in human and veterinary epidemiology, unforeseen misclassification errors may result in biased risk estimates in either direction. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Hall, Ailsa Jane Hugunin, K Deaville, R Law, R Allchin, C R Jepson, P D |
author_facet |
Hall, Ailsa Jane Hugunin, K Deaville, R Law, R Allchin, C R Jepson, P D |
author_sort |
Hall, Ailsa Jane |
title |
The risk of infection from polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in harbor porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena ) - A case-control approach |
title_short |
The risk of infection from polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in harbor porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena ) - A case-control approach |
title_full |
The risk of infection from polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in harbor porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena ) - A case-control approach |
title_fullStr |
The risk of infection from polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in harbor porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena ) - A case-control approach |
title_full_unstemmed |
The risk of infection from polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in harbor porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena ) - A case-control approach |
title_sort |
risk of infection from polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in harbor porpoise ( phocoena phocoena ) - a case-control approach |
publishDate |
2006 |
url |
https://research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk/en/publications/04a834d1-c3e9-4846-99d0-850714f50e14 https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8222 http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/8222/8222.html |
genre |
Delphinapterus leucas Phoca vitulina Phocoena phocoena Ursus maritimus |
genre_facet |
Delphinapterus leucas Phoca vitulina Phocoena phocoena Ursus maritimus |
op_source |
Hall , A J , Hugunin , K , Deaville , R , Law , R , Allchin , C R & Jepson , P D 2006 , ' The risk of infection from polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in harbor porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena ) - A case-control approach ' , Environmental Health Perspectives , vol. 114 , pp. 704 - 711 . https://doi.org/doi:10.1289/ehp.8222 |
op_rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8222 |
container_title |
Environmental Health Perspectives |
container_volume |
114 |
container_issue |
5 |
container_start_page |
704 |
op_container_end_page |
711 |
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1812813029641814016 |