The use of an ecosystem engineer in coastal defense

• Main Authors: Walles, B., Ysebaert, T., Troost, K., Herman, P.M.J., Smaal, A.C.
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: 2011
• Subjects: Life Science; Crassostrea gigas
• Online Access: https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/the-use-of-an-ecosystem-engineer-in-coastal-defense-2

Ecosystem engineers, or more precisely physical ecosystem engineers, are organisms that change the abiotic environment by physically altering structure. As a consequence they often, but not always, have effects on other biota and their interactions, and on ecosystem processes. The physical ecosystem engineering concept interconnects a number of important ecological and evolutionary concepts and is particularly relevant to environmental management. In this study the use of ecosystem engineers (Pacific oysters), for the reduction or prevention of tidal flat erosion in the Oosterschelde Estuary, is investigated. Erosion of tidal flats represents a serious problem in the Oosterschelde Estuary. Intertidal areas are disappearing due to the construction of a storm surge barrier (finalized 1987) and the building of compartmentalization dams. These construction works caused a reduction of the tidal amplitude and tidal currents, which resulted in large-scale morphological changes. As tidal channels are now oversized with respect to the tidal volume, channels are filling in with materials from the adjacent tidal flats (so-called ‘sandhunger’). Reduction in tidal flat area and elevation results in a loss of valuable habitats, and poses a threat to coastal defense. Pacific oysters [Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg)] were introduced in the Oosterschelde Estuary in 1964. They spread rapidly throughout the Oosterschelde expanding from 0 ha in 1975 to 775 ha in 2005 (Smaal et al., 2009). On several intertidal areas large and dense oyster reefs can be found. These reefs can influence tidal flow and wave action and, in doing so, modify patterns of sediment deposition, consolidation, and stabilization. The use of these ecosystem engineers could be an innovative, cost-efficient and sustainable method for conservation of estuarine tidal habitats and coastal defense. The application of oyster reefs is mostly needed in places subjected to severe erosion. As most of these places lack natural oyster reefs, artificial reefs can be constructed, ...