| Summary: | Present-day climate of Greenland Over the past 20 years, the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) has warmed. This temperature increase can be explained by an increase in downwelling longwave radiation due to a warmer overlying atmosphere. These temperature changes are strongly correlated to changes in the large scale circulation over the ice sheet. Since 1990, the melt has also strongly increased along the ice margins, inducing significant increase in runoff. With no significant change found in the total precipitation, the GrIS surface mass balance (SMB) decreased by 12 Gt yr-1 or 7 kg m-2 yr-1 since 1990. Locally, the SMB trend reaches -90 kg m-2 yr-1 at the western and eastern ice margins. These conclusions are drawn from a modelling study by Janneke Ettema, which discusses the present-day climate and surface mass balance of the GrIS. The emphasis of this research is on understanding the underlying physical processes. Using the regional atmospheric climate model RACMO2/GR at high horizontal resolution (11km) has resulted in unprecedented detail in the ice sheet climatology and SMB. By incorporating processes such as percolation, retention and refreezing of meltwater in the surface parameterisation, the model explicitly calculates how these processes affect snow pack temperature, density and surface albedo. RACMO2/GR shows that the GrIS climate is spatially very variable. Characteristic for the ice sheet climate are the persistent katabatic winds and a quasi-permanent surface temperature deficit. Due to strong radiative cooling and turbulent heat transport towards the surface, the atmospheric boundary layer cools, providing optimal conditions for strong katabatic winds to occur. The strongest temperature deficit and wind speeds are found in the northeastern part of the ice sheet, whereas in the lower ablation zone the temperatures are more moderate due to surface melt and warm air advection. The high-resolution climate model revealed that the surface mass balance of the GrIS is 469 Gt yr-1, much higher than previously ...
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