Biological hotspots in the deep sea : Environmental controls and interactions in deep-sea sponge and coral assemblages

• Main Author: Hanz, Ulrike Beatrix
• Other Authors: Reichart, G.J., Mienis, F.
• Format: Doctoral or Postdoctoral Thesis
• Language: English
• Published: Utrecht University 2021
• Subjects: Deep-sea; sponges; cold-water corals; environmental conditions; Biological hotspots; Arctic
• Online Access: https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/406773

The deep sea is one of the least studied environments of our planet. It is often considered an unfavorable habitat due to its immense pressure, darkness and low temperature. Life there relies mostly on sinking organic material from the surface ocean as a food source. However, only an extremely small amount of this material reaches the sea bottom. Surprisingly, in some places we do find thriving communities, like cold-water coral reefs and sponge grounds, similar to oases in the desert. Both sponges and cold-water corals are so-called ecosystem engineers, increasing the local habitat heterogeneity and complexity with their skeletons protruding from the otherwise muddy seafloor. Thereby, they provide a habitat, nursery, shelter and foraging area for many benthic and mobile species and create hotspots of biodiversity and biomass. In order to find out why we can find these hotspots in certain places, we investigated where they establish and how they sustain themselves. Environmental conditions in different sponge grounds and cold-water coral reefs within the Atlantic were recorded by long-term deployments of ocean bottom observatories with a multitude of biochemical and hydrodynamic sensors. Underwater robots additionally provided us with the opportunity to collect discrete samples and carry out in-situ experiments. These measurements showed that cold-water corals as well as sponges were occurring in a broad range of environmental conditions, from ice-cold waters in the Arctic to nearly anoxic waters in the oxygen minimum zones of the western African margin. A consistent finding was that these deep-sea hotspots occur in areas with special hydrodynamical conditions, which lead to a constant water exchange and delivery of otherwise limited resources, enhancing their food availability. A food web study showed that sponges are not only relying on sinking particulate matter from the surface, but are also able to take up the abundant dissolved resources, which are normally inaccessible for animals. Further studies ...