Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018

• Published in: Nature
• Main Authors: Andrew Shepherd, Erik Ivins, Eric Rignot, Ben Smith, Michiel van den Broeke, Isabella Velicogna, Pippa Whitehouse, Kate Briggs, Ian Joughin, Gerhard Krinner, Sophie Nowicki, Tony Payne, Ted Scambos, Nicole Schlegel, A Geruo, Cécile Agosta, Andreas Ahlstrøm, Greg Babonis, Valentina R. Barletta, Anders A. Bjørk, Alejandro Blazquez, Jennifer Bonin, William Colgan, Beata Csatho, Richard Cullather, Marcus E. Engdahl, Denis Felikson, Xavier Fettweis, Rene Forsberg, Anna E. Hogg, Hubert Gallee, Alex Gardner, Lin Gilbert, Noel Gourmelen, Andreas Groh, Brian Gunter, Edward Hanna, Christopher Harig, Veit Helm, Alexander Horvath, Martin Horwath, Shfaqat Khan, Kristian K. Kjeldsen, Hannes Konrad, Peter L. Langen, Benoit Lecavalier, Bryant Loomis, Scott Luthcke, Malcolm McMillan, Daniele Melini, Sebastian Mernild, Yara Mohajerani, Philip Moore, Ruth Mottram, Jeremie Mouginot, Gorka Moyano, Alan Muir, Thomas Nagler, Grace Nield, Johan Nilsson, Brice Noël, Ines Otosaka, Mark E. Pattle, W. Richard Peltier, Nadège Pie, Roelof Rietbroek, Helmut Rott, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, Ingo Sasgen, Himanshu Save, Bernd Scheuchl, Ernst Schrama, Ludwig Schröder, Ki-Weon Seo, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Thomas Slater, Giorgio Spada, Tyler Sutterley, Matthieu Talpe, Lev Tarasov, Willem Jan van de Berg, Wouter van der Wal, Melchior van Wessem, Bramha Dutt Vishwakarma, David Wiese, David Wilton, Thomas Wagner, Bert Wouters, Jan Wuite
• Other Authors: Shepherd, Andrew, Ivins, Erik, Rignot, Eric, Smith, Ben, van den Broeke, Michiel, Velicogna, Isabella, Whitehouse, Pippa, Briggs, Kate, Joughin, Ian, Krinner, Gerhard, Nowicki, Sophie, Payne, Tony, Scambos, Ted, Schlegel, Nicole, Geruo, A, Agosta, Cécile, Ahlstrøm, Andrea, Babonis, Greg, Barletta, Valentina R., Bjørk, Anders A., Blazquez, Alejandro, Bonin, Jennifer, Colgan, William, Csatho, Beata, Cullather, Richard, Engdahl, Marcus E., Felikson, Deni, Fettweis, Xavier, Forsberg, Rene, Hogg, Anna E., Gallee, Hubert, Gardner, Alex, Gilbert, Lin, Gourmelen, Noel, Groh, Andrea, Gunter, Brian, Hanna, Edward, Harig, Christopher, Helm, Veit, Horvath, Alexander, Horwath, Martin, Khan, Shfaqat, Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Konrad, Hanne, Langen, Peter L., Lecavalier, Benoit, Loomis, Bryant, Luthcke, Scott, Mcmillan, Malcolm, Melini, Daniele
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: 2020
• Subjects: Greenland; glacier; Ice Sheet; Jakobshavn
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/11576/2672467; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1855-2; https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1855-2

The Greenland Ice Sheet has been a major contributor to global sea-level rise in recent decades1,2, and it is expected to continue to be so3. Although increases in glacier flow4,5,6 and surface melting7,8,9 have been driven by oceanic10,11,12 and atmospheric13,14 warming, the magnitude and trajectory of the ice sheet’s mass imbalance remain uncertain. Here we compare and combine 26 individual satellite measurements of changes in the ice sheet’s volume, flow and gravitational potential to produce a reconciled estimate of its mass balance. The ice sheet was close to a state of balance in the 1990s, but annual losses have risen since then, peaking at 345 ± 66 billion tonnes per year in 2011. In all, Greenland lost 3,902 ± 342 billion tonnes of ice between 1992 and 2018, causing the mean sea level to rise by 10.8 ± 0.9 millimetres. Using three regional climate models, we show that the reduced surface mass balance has driven 1,964 ± 565 billion tonnes (50.3 per cent) of the ice loss owing to increased meltwater runoff. The remaining 1,938 ± 541 billion tonnes (49.7 per cent) of ice loss was due to increased glacier dynamical imbalance, which rose from 46 ± 37 billion tonnes per year in the 1990s to 87 ± 25 billion tonnes per year since then. The total rate of ice loss slowed to 222 ± 30 billion tonnes per year between 2013 and 2017, on average, as atmospheric circulation favoured cooler conditions15 and ocean temperatures fell at the terminus of Jakobshavn Isbræ16. Cumulative ice losses from Greenland as a whole have been close to the rates predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for their high-end climate warming scenario17, which forecast an additional 70 to 130 millimetres of global sea-level rise by 2100 compared with their central estimate.