Isolation of Novel Trypanosomatid, Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) Provides Support for a Gondwanan Origin of Dixenous Parasitism in the Leishmaniinae

© 2017 Barratt et al. The genus Leishmania includes approximately 53 species, 20 of which cause human leishmaniais; a significant albeit neglected tropical disease. Leishmaniasis has afflicted humans for millennia, but how ancient is Leishmania and where did it arise? These questions have been hotly...

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Main Authors: Barratt, J, Kaufer, A, Peters, B, Craig, D, Lawrence, A, Roberts, T, Lee, R, McAuliffe, G, Stark, D, Ellis, J
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:unknown
Published: 2017
Subjects:
Online Access:http://hdl.handle.net/10453/124985
id ftunivtsydney:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/124984
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spelling ftunivtsydney:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/124984 2023-05-15T15:42:42+02:00 Isolation of Novel Trypanosomatid, Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) Provides Support for a Gondwanan Origin of Dixenous Parasitism in the Leishmaniinae Barratt, J Kaufer, A Peters, B Craig, D Lawrence, A Roberts, T Lee, R McAuliffe, G Stark, D Ellis, J 2017-01-12 application/pdf http://hdl.handle.net/10453/124985 unknown PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005215 PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2017, 11 (1) 1935-2727 http://hdl.handle.net/10453/124985 Tropical Medicine Animals Australia Female Insect Vectors Insecta Kinetoplastida Leishmania Male Phylogeny Journal Article 2017 ftunivtsydney 2022-03-13T13:44:52Z © 2017 Barratt et al. The genus Leishmania includes approximately 53 species, 20 of which cause human leishmaniais; a significant albeit neglected tropical disease. Leishmaniasis has afflicted humans for millennia, but how ancient is Leishmania and where did it arise? These questions have been hotly debated for decades and several theories have been proposed. One theory suggests Leishmania originated in the Palearctic, and dispersed to the New World via the Bering land bridge. Others propose that Leishmania evolved in the Neotropics. The Multiple Origins theory suggests that separation of certain Old World and New World species occurred due to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. Some suggest that the ancestor of the dixenous genera Leishmania, Endotrypanum and Porcisia evolved on Gondwana between 90 and 140 million years ago. In the present study a detailed molecular and morphological characterisation was performed on a novel Australian trypanosomatid following its isolation in Australia’s tropics from the native black fly, Simulium (Morops) dycei Colbo, 1976. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted and confirmed this parasite as a sibling to Zelonia costaricensis, a close relative of Leishmania previously isolated from a reduviid bug in Costa Rica. Consequently, this parasite was assigned the name Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. Assuming Z. costaricensis and Z. australiensis diverged when Australia and South America became completely separated, their divergence occurred between 36 and 41 million years ago at least. Using this vicariance event as a calibration point for a phylogenetic time tree, the common ancestor of the dixenous genera Leishmania, Endotrypanum and Porcisia appeared in Gondwana approximately 91 million years ago. Ultimately, this study contributes to our understanding of trypanosomatid diversity, and of Leishmania origins by providing support for a Gondwanan origin of dixenous parasitism in the Leishmaniinae. Article in Journal/Newspaper Bering Land Bridge University of Technology Sydney: OPUS - Open Publications of UTS Scholars
institution Open Polar
collection University of Technology Sydney: OPUS - Open Publications of UTS Scholars
op_collection_id ftunivtsydney
language unknown
topic Tropical Medicine
Animals
Australia
Female
Insect Vectors
Insecta
Kinetoplastida
Leishmania
Male
Phylogeny
spellingShingle Tropical Medicine
Animals
Australia
Female
Insect Vectors
Insecta
Kinetoplastida
Leishmania
Male
Phylogeny
Barratt, J
Kaufer, A
Peters, B
Craig, D
Lawrence, A
Roberts, T
Lee, R
McAuliffe, G
Stark, D
Ellis, J
Isolation of Novel Trypanosomatid, Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) Provides Support for a Gondwanan Origin of Dixenous Parasitism in the Leishmaniinae
topic_facet Tropical Medicine
Animals
Australia
Female
Insect Vectors
Insecta
Kinetoplastida
Leishmania
Male
Phylogeny
description © 2017 Barratt et al. The genus Leishmania includes approximately 53 species, 20 of which cause human leishmaniais; a significant albeit neglected tropical disease. Leishmaniasis has afflicted humans for millennia, but how ancient is Leishmania and where did it arise? These questions have been hotly debated for decades and several theories have been proposed. One theory suggests Leishmania originated in the Palearctic, and dispersed to the New World via the Bering land bridge. Others propose that Leishmania evolved in the Neotropics. The Multiple Origins theory suggests that separation of certain Old World and New World species occurred due to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. Some suggest that the ancestor of the dixenous genera Leishmania, Endotrypanum and Porcisia evolved on Gondwana between 90 and 140 million years ago. In the present study a detailed molecular and morphological characterisation was performed on a novel Australian trypanosomatid following its isolation in Australia’s tropics from the native black fly, Simulium (Morops) dycei Colbo, 1976. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted and confirmed this parasite as a sibling to Zelonia costaricensis, a close relative of Leishmania previously isolated from a reduviid bug in Costa Rica. Consequently, this parasite was assigned the name Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. Assuming Z. costaricensis and Z. australiensis diverged when Australia and South America became completely separated, their divergence occurred between 36 and 41 million years ago at least. Using this vicariance event as a calibration point for a phylogenetic time tree, the common ancestor of the dixenous genera Leishmania, Endotrypanum and Porcisia appeared in Gondwana approximately 91 million years ago. Ultimately, this study contributes to our understanding of trypanosomatid diversity, and of Leishmania origins by providing support for a Gondwanan origin of dixenous parasitism in the Leishmaniinae.
format Article in Journal/Newspaper
author Barratt, J
Kaufer, A
Peters, B
Craig, D
Lawrence, A
Roberts, T
Lee, R
McAuliffe, G
Stark, D
Ellis, J
author_facet Barratt, J
Kaufer, A
Peters, B
Craig, D
Lawrence, A
Roberts, T
Lee, R
McAuliffe, G
Stark, D
Ellis, J
author_sort Barratt, J
title Isolation of Novel Trypanosomatid, Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) Provides Support for a Gondwanan Origin of Dixenous Parasitism in the Leishmaniinae
title_short Isolation of Novel Trypanosomatid, Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) Provides Support for a Gondwanan Origin of Dixenous Parasitism in the Leishmaniinae
title_full Isolation of Novel Trypanosomatid, Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) Provides Support for a Gondwanan Origin of Dixenous Parasitism in the Leishmaniinae
title_fullStr Isolation of Novel Trypanosomatid, Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) Provides Support for a Gondwanan Origin of Dixenous Parasitism in the Leishmaniinae
title_full_unstemmed Isolation of Novel Trypanosomatid, Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) Provides Support for a Gondwanan Origin of Dixenous Parasitism in the Leishmaniinae
title_sort isolation of novel trypanosomatid, zelonia australiensis sp. nov. (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) provides support for a gondwanan origin of dixenous parasitism in the leishmaniinae
publishDate 2017
url http://hdl.handle.net/10453/124985
genre Bering Land Bridge
genre_facet Bering Land Bridge
op_relation PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
10.1371/journal.pntd.0005215
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2017, 11 (1)
1935-2727
http://hdl.handle.net/10453/124985
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