Mucosal and systemic immune responses to salmon gill poxvirus infection in Atlantic salmon is modulated upon hydrocortisone injection
Salmon Gill Poxvirus Disease (SGPVD) has emerged as a cause of acute mortality in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) presmolts in Norwegian aquaculture. The clinical phase of the disease is associated with apoptotic cell death in the gill epithelium causing acute respiratory distress, followed by prol...
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Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/10037/21406 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.689302 |
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ftunivtroemsoe:oai:munin.uit.no:10037/21406 2023-05-15T15:32:16+02:00 Mucosal and systemic immune responses to salmon gill poxvirus infection in Atlantic salmon is modulated upon hydrocortisone injection Amundsen, Marit Tartor, Haitham Andersen, Kathrine Sveinsson, Karoline Overn Thoen, Even Gjessing, Mona Cecilie Dahle, Maria 2021-06-09 https://hdl.handle.net/10037/21406 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.689302 eng eng Frontiers Media Frontiers in Immunology info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/RCN/HAVBRUK2/267491/Norway/Understanding Salmon gill poxvirus disease; an emerging threat for Atlantic salmon farming// info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/RCN/HAVBRUK2/303415/Norway/Immune responses and survival in Salmon Gill Pox virus disease/IMMUNOPOX/ FRIDAID 1912406 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.689302 1664-3224 https://hdl.handle.net/10037/21406 openAccess Copyright 2021 The Author(s) VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Zoology and botany: 480 VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 Journal article Tidsskriftartikkel Peer reviewed publishedVersion 2021 ftunivtroemsoe https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.689302 2021-06-25T17:58:14Z Salmon Gill Poxvirus Disease (SGPVD) has emerged as a cause of acute mortality in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) presmolts in Norwegian aquaculture. The clinical phase of the disease is associated with apoptotic cell death in the gill epithelium causing acute respiratory distress, followed by proliferative changes in the regenerating gill in the period after the disease outbreak. In an experimental SGPV challenge trial published in 2020, acute disease was only seen in fish injected with hydrocortisone 24 h prior to infection. SGPV-mediated mortality in the hydrocortisone-injected group was associated with more extensive gill pathology and higher SGPV levels compared to the group infected with SGPV only. In this study based on the same trial, SGPV gene expression and the innate and adaptive antiviral immune response was monitored in gills and spleen in the presence and absence of hydrocortisone. Whereas most SGPV genes were induced from day 3 along with the interferon-regulated innate immune response in gills, the putative SGPV virulence genes of the B22R family were expressed already one day after SGPV exposure, indicating a potential role as early markers of SGPV infection. In gills of the hydrocortisone-injected fish infected with SGPV, MX expression was delayed until day 10, and then expression skyrocketed along with the viral peak, gill pathology and mortality occurring from day 14. A similar expression pattern was observed for Interferon gamma (IFNγ) and granzyme A (GzmA) in the gills, indicating a role of acute cytotoxic cell activity in SGPVD. Duplex in situ hybridization demonstrated effects of hydrocortisone on the number and localization of GzmA-containing cells, and colocalization with SGPV infected cells in the gill. SGPV was generally not detected in spleen, and gill infection did not induce any corresponding systemic immune activity in the absence of stress hormone injection. However, in fish injected with hydrocortisone, IFNγ and GzmA gene expression was induced in spleen in the days prior to acute mortality. These data indicate that suppressed mucosal immune response in the gills and the late triggered systemic immune response in the spleen following hormonal stress induction may be the key to the onset of clinical SGPVD. Article in Journal/Newspaper Atlantic salmon Salmo salar University of Tromsø: Munin Open Research Archive Frontiers in Immunology 12 |
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Open Polar |
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University of Tromsø: Munin Open Research Archive |
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ftunivtroemsoe |
language |
English |
topic |
VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Zoology and botany: 480 VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 |
spellingShingle |
VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Zoology and botany: 480 VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 Amundsen, Marit Tartor, Haitham Andersen, Kathrine Sveinsson, Karoline Overn Thoen, Even Gjessing, Mona Cecilie Dahle, Maria Mucosal and systemic immune responses to salmon gill poxvirus infection in Atlantic salmon is modulated upon hydrocortisone injection |
topic_facet |
VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Zoology and botany: 480 VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 |
description |
Salmon Gill Poxvirus Disease (SGPVD) has emerged as a cause of acute mortality in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) presmolts in Norwegian aquaculture. The clinical phase of the disease is associated with apoptotic cell death in the gill epithelium causing acute respiratory distress, followed by proliferative changes in the regenerating gill in the period after the disease outbreak. In an experimental SGPV challenge trial published in 2020, acute disease was only seen in fish injected with hydrocortisone 24 h prior to infection. SGPV-mediated mortality in the hydrocortisone-injected group was associated with more extensive gill pathology and higher SGPV levels compared to the group infected with SGPV only. In this study based on the same trial, SGPV gene expression and the innate and adaptive antiviral immune response was monitored in gills and spleen in the presence and absence of hydrocortisone. Whereas most SGPV genes were induced from day 3 along with the interferon-regulated innate immune response in gills, the putative SGPV virulence genes of the B22R family were expressed already one day after SGPV exposure, indicating a potential role as early markers of SGPV infection. In gills of the hydrocortisone-injected fish infected with SGPV, MX expression was delayed until day 10, and then expression skyrocketed along with the viral peak, gill pathology and mortality occurring from day 14. A similar expression pattern was observed for Interferon gamma (IFNγ) and granzyme A (GzmA) in the gills, indicating a role of acute cytotoxic cell activity in SGPVD. Duplex in situ hybridization demonstrated effects of hydrocortisone on the number and localization of GzmA-containing cells, and colocalization with SGPV infected cells in the gill. SGPV was generally not detected in spleen, and gill infection did not induce any corresponding systemic immune activity in the absence of stress hormone injection. However, in fish injected with hydrocortisone, IFNγ and GzmA gene expression was induced in spleen in the days prior to acute mortality. These data indicate that suppressed mucosal immune response in the gills and the late triggered systemic immune response in the spleen following hormonal stress induction may be the key to the onset of clinical SGPVD. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Amundsen, Marit Tartor, Haitham Andersen, Kathrine Sveinsson, Karoline Overn Thoen, Even Gjessing, Mona Cecilie Dahle, Maria |
author_facet |
Amundsen, Marit Tartor, Haitham Andersen, Kathrine Sveinsson, Karoline Overn Thoen, Even Gjessing, Mona Cecilie Dahle, Maria |
author_sort |
Amundsen, Marit |
title |
Mucosal and systemic immune responses to salmon gill poxvirus infection in Atlantic salmon is modulated upon hydrocortisone injection |
title_short |
Mucosal and systemic immune responses to salmon gill poxvirus infection in Atlantic salmon is modulated upon hydrocortisone injection |
title_full |
Mucosal and systemic immune responses to salmon gill poxvirus infection in Atlantic salmon is modulated upon hydrocortisone injection |
title_fullStr |
Mucosal and systemic immune responses to salmon gill poxvirus infection in Atlantic salmon is modulated upon hydrocortisone injection |
title_full_unstemmed |
Mucosal and systemic immune responses to salmon gill poxvirus infection in Atlantic salmon is modulated upon hydrocortisone injection |
title_sort |
mucosal and systemic immune responses to salmon gill poxvirus infection in atlantic salmon is modulated upon hydrocortisone injection |
publisher |
Frontiers Media |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/10037/21406 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.689302 |
genre |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
genre_facet |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
op_relation |
Frontiers in Immunology info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/RCN/HAVBRUK2/267491/Norway/Understanding Salmon gill poxvirus disease; an emerging threat for Atlantic salmon farming// info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/RCN/HAVBRUK2/303415/Norway/Immune responses and survival in Salmon Gill Pox virus disease/IMMUNOPOX/ FRIDAID 1912406 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.689302 1664-3224 https://hdl.handle.net/10037/21406 |
op_rights |
openAccess Copyright 2021 The Author(s) |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.689302 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Immunology |
container_volume |
12 |
_version_ |
1766362783620792320 |