Seasonal Variations in Soil Temperature on the Alpine Tundra Community in Mt. Changbai in Northeast China : Comparison with Mt. Tateyama in Central Japan

• Main Authors: Wada Naoya, Qi-Jing LIU, Kawada Kunio
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Center for Far Eastern Studies University of Toyama 2006
• Subjects: Alpine tundra; Arctic Oscillation; Circumpolar plants; Glacial relict; Temperature; Arctic; Dryas octopetala; Tundra
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10110/1168; https://toyama.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=6598; https://toyama.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=6598&item_no=1&attribute_id=18&file_no=1

We examined the synchronization of soil temperatures on an alpine tundra community between Mt. Changbai in northeastern China, and Mt. Tateyama in central Japan. The soil temperatures were measured at one-hour intervals for a total of 7526 recordings at both study sites, where a glacial relict plant Dryas octopetala var. asiatica was predominant. The hourly mean soil temperatures had high synchronization between the two mountains (r2= 0.87). After comparing soil temperatures by dividing the climate into two seasons, we found that synchronization of temperatures between the two mountains was higher in winter (r2= 0.75) than in summer (r2= 0.44). The Arctic Oscillation index, which is related to atmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere, was significantly correlated with air temperature near each study site in the coldest month. Despite the difference in geographical location, a high similarity of seasonal variations in soil temperature in winter suggests that the thermal condition on the two mountains is controlled by the same air masses from higher latitudes. Keywords: Alpine tundra, Arctic Oscillation, Circumpolar plants, Glacial relict, Temperature innovation activities have a high potential to maintainable growth, this strategy alone is inadequate; entrepreneurship that involves a riskier style of management is required. Third, innovation alone carried out by venture enterprises in Japan can not contribute directly to employment creation. Rather, by combining innovation activities with market-in characteristics, enterprises are more likely to realize a surplus quickly, then achieve maintainable growth, thus indirectly contributing to employment creation.