Free ocean CO2 enrichment (FOCE) experiments: scientific and technical recommendations for future in situ ocean acidification projects
Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment (FOCE) experiments are a relatively recent development in ocean acidification research, designed to address the need for in situ, long-term, community level experiments. FOCE studies have been conducted across different marine benthic habitats and regions, from Antarctica t...
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ftunivtasmania:oai:eprints.utas.edu.au:32811 2023-05-15T13:31:54+02:00 Free ocean CO2 enrichment (FOCE) experiments: scientific and technical recommendations for future in situ ocean acidification projects Stark, JS Peltzer, ET Kline, DI Queiros, AM Cox, TE Headley, K Barry, J Gazeau, F Runcie, JW Widdicombe, S Milnes, M Roden, N Black, JG Whiteside, S Johnstone, G Ingels, J Shaw, E Bodrossy, L Gaitan-Espitia, JD Kirkwood, W Gattuso, JP 2019 https://eprints.utas.edu.au/32811/ unknown Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd Stark, JS, Peltzer, ET, Kline, DI, Queiros, AM, Cox, TE, Headley, K, Barry, J, Gazeau, F, Runcie, JW, Widdicombe, S, Milnes, M, Roden, N, Black, JG orcid:0000-0001-8361-2640 , Whiteside, S, Johnstone, G, Ingels, J, Shaw, E, Bodrossy, L, Gaitan-Espitia, JD, Kirkwood, W and Gattuso, JP 2019 , 'Free ocean CO2 enrichment (FOCE) experiments: scientific and technical recommendations for future in situ ocean acidification projects' , Progress in Oceanography, vol. 172 , pp. 89-107 , doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2019.01.006 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.01.006>. field experiment pH marine communities carbon dioxide in situ studies FOCE ocean acidification benthic habitats multi-stressor coral reefs Antarctica Article PeerReviewed 2019 ftunivtasmania https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.01.006 2021-10-04T22:17:30Z Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment (FOCE) experiments are a relatively recent development in ocean acidification research, designed to address the need for in situ, long-term, community level experiments. FOCE studies have been conducted across different marine benthic habitats and regions, from Antarctica to the tropics. Based on this previous research we have formed some core operating principles that will aid those embarking on future FOCE experiments. FOCE studies have potential to provide important insight into the effects of ocean acidification that can add to or refine conclusions drawn from laboratory or single species studies because they are conducted in situ on intact assemblages. Scaling up from sub-organismal and individual effects to also include indirect impacts on the ecosystem and ecosystem services, make FOCE experiments essential in filling in current knowledge gaps in our understanding of ocean acidification. While FOCE systems are complex, relatively costly, and somewhat difficult to operate, the challenges they pose are tractable and they have proven to be a useful approach in ocean acidification research. The aim of this paper is to draw from the experiences of past FOCE experiments and provide practical advice for designing, building and operating a FOCE experiment. Some of the most important recommendations include: field testing the system design; having a backup power supply; using replicate treatment enclosures; monitoring and maintaining the chemistry appropriately; allowing sufficient time to achieve near CO2 equilibrium conditions; and having a scientific focus with a core set of hypotheses. Future FOCE experiments could focus on longer durations, multiple factors, and testing more intact benthic marine communities and ecosystems. We hope this paper will encourage further FOCE deployments and experiments, as well as provide some guidelines to improve future FOCE studies and advance ocean acidification research. Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctica Ocean acidification University of Tasmania: UTas ePrints Progress in Oceanography 172 89 107 |
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Open Polar |
collection |
University of Tasmania: UTas ePrints |
op_collection_id |
ftunivtasmania |
language |
unknown |
topic |
field experiment pH marine communities carbon dioxide in situ studies FOCE ocean acidification benthic habitats multi-stressor coral reefs Antarctica |
spellingShingle |
field experiment pH marine communities carbon dioxide in situ studies FOCE ocean acidification benthic habitats multi-stressor coral reefs Antarctica Stark, JS Peltzer, ET Kline, DI Queiros, AM Cox, TE Headley, K Barry, J Gazeau, F Runcie, JW Widdicombe, S Milnes, M Roden, N Black, JG Whiteside, S Johnstone, G Ingels, J Shaw, E Bodrossy, L Gaitan-Espitia, JD Kirkwood, W Gattuso, JP Free ocean CO2 enrichment (FOCE) experiments: scientific and technical recommendations for future in situ ocean acidification projects |
topic_facet |
field experiment pH marine communities carbon dioxide in situ studies FOCE ocean acidification benthic habitats multi-stressor coral reefs Antarctica |
description |
Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment (FOCE) experiments are a relatively recent development in ocean acidification research, designed to address the need for in situ, long-term, community level experiments. FOCE studies have been conducted across different marine benthic habitats and regions, from Antarctica to the tropics. Based on this previous research we have formed some core operating principles that will aid those embarking on future FOCE experiments. FOCE studies have potential to provide important insight into the effects of ocean acidification that can add to or refine conclusions drawn from laboratory or single species studies because they are conducted in situ on intact assemblages. Scaling up from sub-organismal and individual effects to also include indirect impacts on the ecosystem and ecosystem services, make FOCE experiments essential in filling in current knowledge gaps in our understanding of ocean acidification. While FOCE systems are complex, relatively costly, and somewhat difficult to operate, the challenges they pose are tractable and they have proven to be a useful approach in ocean acidification research. The aim of this paper is to draw from the experiences of past FOCE experiments and provide practical advice for designing, building and operating a FOCE experiment. Some of the most important recommendations include: field testing the system design; having a backup power supply; using replicate treatment enclosures; monitoring and maintaining the chemistry appropriately; allowing sufficient time to achieve near CO2 equilibrium conditions; and having a scientific focus with a core set of hypotheses. Future FOCE experiments could focus on longer durations, multiple factors, and testing more intact benthic marine communities and ecosystems. We hope this paper will encourage further FOCE deployments and experiments, as well as provide some guidelines to improve future FOCE studies and advance ocean acidification research. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Stark, JS Peltzer, ET Kline, DI Queiros, AM Cox, TE Headley, K Barry, J Gazeau, F Runcie, JW Widdicombe, S Milnes, M Roden, N Black, JG Whiteside, S Johnstone, G Ingels, J Shaw, E Bodrossy, L Gaitan-Espitia, JD Kirkwood, W Gattuso, JP |
author_facet |
Stark, JS Peltzer, ET Kline, DI Queiros, AM Cox, TE Headley, K Barry, J Gazeau, F Runcie, JW Widdicombe, S Milnes, M Roden, N Black, JG Whiteside, S Johnstone, G Ingels, J Shaw, E Bodrossy, L Gaitan-Espitia, JD Kirkwood, W Gattuso, JP |
author_sort |
Stark, JS |
title |
Free ocean CO2 enrichment (FOCE) experiments: scientific and technical recommendations for future in situ ocean acidification projects |
title_short |
Free ocean CO2 enrichment (FOCE) experiments: scientific and technical recommendations for future in situ ocean acidification projects |
title_full |
Free ocean CO2 enrichment (FOCE) experiments: scientific and technical recommendations for future in situ ocean acidification projects |
title_fullStr |
Free ocean CO2 enrichment (FOCE) experiments: scientific and technical recommendations for future in situ ocean acidification projects |
title_full_unstemmed |
Free ocean CO2 enrichment (FOCE) experiments: scientific and technical recommendations for future in situ ocean acidification projects |
title_sort |
free ocean co2 enrichment (foce) experiments: scientific and technical recommendations for future in situ ocean acidification projects |
publisher |
Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
https://eprints.utas.edu.au/32811/ |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctica Ocean acidification |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctica Ocean acidification |
op_relation |
Stark, JS, Peltzer, ET, Kline, DI, Queiros, AM, Cox, TE, Headley, K, Barry, J, Gazeau, F, Runcie, JW, Widdicombe, S, Milnes, M, Roden, N, Black, JG orcid:0000-0001-8361-2640 , Whiteside, S, Johnstone, G, Ingels, J, Shaw, E, Bodrossy, L, Gaitan-Espitia, JD, Kirkwood, W and Gattuso, JP 2019 , 'Free ocean CO2 enrichment (FOCE) experiments: scientific and technical recommendations for future in situ ocean acidification projects' , Progress in Oceanography, vol. 172 , pp. 89-107 , doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2019.01.006 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.01.006>. |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.01.006 |
container_title |
Progress in Oceanography |
container_volume |
172 |
container_start_page |
89 |
op_container_end_page |
107 |
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1766022213112168448 |