Observations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and surface radiation over the Southern Ocean
Weather and climate models are challenged by uncertainties and biases in simulating Southern Ocean (SO) radiative fluxes that trace to a poor understanding of cloud, aerosol, precipitation, and radiative processes, and their interactions. Projects between 2016 and 2018 used in situ probes, radar, li...
Published in: | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |
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Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
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Amer Meteorological Soc
2021
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0132.1 http://ecite.utas.edu.au/145932 |
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eCite UTAS (University of Tasmania) |
op_collection_id |
ftunivtasecite |
language |
English |
topic |
Earth Sciences Atmospheric sciences Atmospheric composition chemistry and processes |
spellingShingle |
Earth Sciences Atmospheric sciences Atmospheric composition chemistry and processes McFarquhar, GM Bretherton, CS Marchand, R Protat, A DeMott, PJ Alexander, S Roberts, GC Twohy, CH Toohey, D Siems, S Huang, Y Wood, R Rauber, RM Lasher-Trapp, S Jensen, J Stith, JL Mace, J Um, J Jarvinen, E Schnaiter, M Gettelman, A Sanchez, KJ McCluskey, CS Russell, LM McCoy, IL Atlas, RL Bardeen, CG Moore, KA Hill, TCJ Humphries, RS Keywood, MD Ristovski, Z Cravigan, L Schofield, R Fairall, C Mallet, MD Kreidenweis, SM Rainwater, B D'Alessandro, J Wang, Y Wu, W Saliba, G Levin, EJT Ding, S Lang, F Truong, SCH Wolff, C Haggerty, J Harvey, MJ Klekociuk, AR McDonald, A Observations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and surface radiation over the Southern Ocean |
topic_facet |
Earth Sciences Atmospheric sciences Atmospheric composition chemistry and processes |
description |
Weather and climate models are challenged by uncertainties and biases in simulating Southern Ocean (SO) radiative fluxes that trace to a poor understanding of cloud, aerosol, precipitation, and radiative processes, and their interactions. Projects between 2016 and 2018 used in situ probes, radar, lidar, and other instruments to make comprehensive measurements of thermodynamics, surface radiation, cloud, precipitation, aerosol, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and ice nucleating particles over the SO cold waters, and in ubiquitous liquid and mixed-phase clouds common to this pristine environment. Data including soundings were collected from the NSF-NCAR G-V aircraft flying north-south gradients south of Tasmania, at Macquarie Island, and on the R/V Investigator and RSV Aurora Australis . Synergistically these data characterize boundary layer and free troposphere environmental properties, and represent the most comprehensive data of this type available south of the oceanic polar front, in the cold sector of SO cyclones, and across seasons. Results show largely pristine environments with numerous small and few large aerosols above cloud, suggesting new particle formation and limited long-range transport from continents, high variability in CCN and cloud droplet concentrations, and ubiquitous supercooled water in thin, multilayered clouds, often with small-scale generating cells near cloud top. These observations demonstrate how cloud properties depend on aerosols while highlighting the importance of dynamics and turbulence that likely drive heterogeneity of cloud phase. Satellite retrievals confirmed low clouds were responsible for radiation biases. The combination of models and observations is examining how aerosols and meteorology couple to control SO water and energy budgets. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
McFarquhar, GM Bretherton, CS Marchand, R Protat, A DeMott, PJ Alexander, S Roberts, GC Twohy, CH Toohey, D Siems, S Huang, Y Wood, R Rauber, RM Lasher-Trapp, S Jensen, J Stith, JL Mace, J Um, J Jarvinen, E Schnaiter, M Gettelman, A Sanchez, KJ McCluskey, CS Russell, LM McCoy, IL Atlas, RL Bardeen, CG Moore, KA Hill, TCJ Humphries, RS Keywood, MD Ristovski, Z Cravigan, L Schofield, R Fairall, C Mallet, MD Kreidenweis, SM Rainwater, B D'Alessandro, J Wang, Y Wu, W Saliba, G Levin, EJT Ding, S Lang, F Truong, SCH Wolff, C Haggerty, J Harvey, MJ Klekociuk, AR McDonald, A |
author_facet |
McFarquhar, GM Bretherton, CS Marchand, R Protat, A DeMott, PJ Alexander, S Roberts, GC Twohy, CH Toohey, D Siems, S Huang, Y Wood, R Rauber, RM Lasher-Trapp, S Jensen, J Stith, JL Mace, J Um, J Jarvinen, E Schnaiter, M Gettelman, A Sanchez, KJ McCluskey, CS Russell, LM McCoy, IL Atlas, RL Bardeen, CG Moore, KA Hill, TCJ Humphries, RS Keywood, MD Ristovski, Z Cravigan, L Schofield, R Fairall, C Mallet, MD Kreidenweis, SM Rainwater, B D'Alessandro, J Wang, Y Wu, W Saliba, G Levin, EJT Ding, S Lang, F Truong, SCH Wolff, C Haggerty, J Harvey, MJ Klekociuk, AR McDonald, A |
author_sort |
McFarquhar, GM |
title |
Observations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and surface radiation over the Southern Ocean |
title_short |
Observations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and surface radiation over the Southern Ocean |
title_full |
Observations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and surface radiation over the Southern Ocean |
title_fullStr |
Observations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and surface radiation over the Southern Ocean |
title_full_unstemmed |
Observations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and surface radiation over the Southern Ocean |
title_sort |
observations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and surface radiation over the southern ocean |
publisher |
Amer Meteorological Soc |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0132.1 http://ecite.utas.edu.au/145932 |
geographic |
Southern Ocean |
geographic_facet |
Southern Ocean |
genre |
aurora australis Macquarie Island Southern Ocean |
genre_facet |
aurora australis Macquarie Island Southern Ocean |
op_relation |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0132.1 McFarquhar, GM and Bretherton, CS and Marchand, R and Protat, A and DeMott, PJ and Alexander, S and Roberts, GC and Twohy, CH and Toohey, D and Siems, S and Huang, Y and Wood, R and Rauber, RM and Lasher-Trapp, S and Jensen, J and Stith, JL and Mace, J and Um, J and Jarvinen, E and Schnaiter, M and Gettelman, A and Sanchez, KJ and McCluskey, CS and Russell, LM and McCoy, IL and Atlas, RL and Bardeen, CG and Moore, KA and Hill, TCJ and Humphries, RS and Keywood, MD and Ristovski, Z and Cravigan, L and Schofield, R and Fairall, C and Mallet, MD and Kreidenweis, SM and Rainwater, B and D'Alessandro, J and Wang, Y and Wu, W and Saliba, G and Levin, EJT and Ding, S and Lang, F and Truong, SCH and Wolff, C and Haggerty, J and Harvey, MJ and Klekociuk, AR and McDonald, A, Observations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and surface radiation over the Southern Ocean, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 102, (4) pp. E894-E928. ISSN 0003-0007 (2021) [Refereed Article] http://ecite.utas.edu.au/145932 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0132.1 |
container_title |
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |
container_volume |
102 |
container_issue |
4 |
container_start_page |
E894 |
op_container_end_page |
E928 |
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1766364428950831104 |
spelling |
ftunivtasecite:oai:ecite.utas.edu.au:145932 2023-05-15T15:33:49+02:00 Observations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and surface radiation over the Southern Ocean McFarquhar, GM Bretherton, CS Marchand, R Protat, A DeMott, PJ Alexander, S Roberts, GC Twohy, CH Toohey, D Siems, S Huang, Y Wood, R Rauber, RM Lasher-Trapp, S Jensen, J Stith, JL Mace, J Um, J Jarvinen, E Schnaiter, M Gettelman, A Sanchez, KJ McCluskey, CS Russell, LM McCoy, IL Atlas, RL Bardeen, CG Moore, KA Hill, TCJ Humphries, RS Keywood, MD Ristovski, Z Cravigan, L Schofield, R Fairall, C Mallet, MD Kreidenweis, SM Rainwater, B D'Alessandro, J Wang, Y Wu, W Saliba, G Levin, EJT Ding, S Lang, F Truong, SCH Wolff, C Haggerty, J Harvey, MJ Klekociuk, AR McDonald, A 2021 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0132.1 http://ecite.utas.edu.au/145932 en eng Amer Meteorological Soc http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0132.1 McFarquhar, GM and Bretherton, CS and Marchand, R and Protat, A and DeMott, PJ and Alexander, S and Roberts, GC and Twohy, CH and Toohey, D and Siems, S and Huang, Y and Wood, R and Rauber, RM and Lasher-Trapp, S and Jensen, J and Stith, JL and Mace, J and Um, J and Jarvinen, E and Schnaiter, M and Gettelman, A and Sanchez, KJ and McCluskey, CS and Russell, LM and McCoy, IL and Atlas, RL and Bardeen, CG and Moore, KA and Hill, TCJ and Humphries, RS and Keywood, MD and Ristovski, Z and Cravigan, L and Schofield, R and Fairall, C and Mallet, MD and Kreidenweis, SM and Rainwater, B and D'Alessandro, J and Wang, Y and Wu, W and Saliba, G and Levin, EJT and Ding, S and Lang, F and Truong, SCH and Wolff, C and Haggerty, J and Harvey, MJ and Klekociuk, AR and McDonald, A, Observations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and surface radiation over the Southern Ocean, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 102, (4) pp. E894-E928. ISSN 0003-0007 (2021) [Refereed Article] http://ecite.utas.edu.au/145932 Earth Sciences Atmospheric sciences Atmospheric composition chemistry and processes Refereed Article PeerReviewed 2021 ftunivtasecite https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0132.1 2021-11-29T23:17:33Z Weather and climate models are challenged by uncertainties and biases in simulating Southern Ocean (SO) radiative fluxes that trace to a poor understanding of cloud, aerosol, precipitation, and radiative processes, and their interactions. Projects between 2016 and 2018 used in situ probes, radar, lidar, and other instruments to make comprehensive measurements of thermodynamics, surface radiation, cloud, precipitation, aerosol, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and ice nucleating particles over the SO cold waters, and in ubiquitous liquid and mixed-phase clouds common to this pristine environment. Data including soundings were collected from the NSF-NCAR G-V aircraft flying north-south gradients south of Tasmania, at Macquarie Island, and on the R/V Investigator and RSV Aurora Australis . Synergistically these data characterize boundary layer and free troposphere environmental properties, and represent the most comprehensive data of this type available south of the oceanic polar front, in the cold sector of SO cyclones, and across seasons. Results show largely pristine environments with numerous small and few large aerosols above cloud, suggesting new particle formation and limited long-range transport from continents, high variability in CCN and cloud droplet concentrations, and ubiquitous supercooled water in thin, multilayered clouds, often with small-scale generating cells near cloud top. These observations demonstrate how cloud properties depend on aerosols while highlighting the importance of dynamics and turbulence that likely drive heterogeneity of cloud phase. Satellite retrievals confirmed low clouds were responsible for radiation biases. The combination of models and observations is examining how aerosols and meteorology couple to control SO water and energy budgets. Article in Journal/Newspaper aurora australis Macquarie Island Southern Ocean eCite UTAS (University of Tasmania) Southern Ocean Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102 4 E894 E928 |