Revisiting the Earth's sea‐level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008
We review the sea-level and energy budgets together from 1961, using recent and updated estimates of all terms. From 1972 to 2008, the observed sea-level rise (1.8 0.2 mm yr −1 from tide gauges alone and 2.1 0.2 mm yr −1 from a combination of tide gauges and altimeter observations) agrees well with...
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794 http://ecite.utas.edu.au/100046 |
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ftunivtasecite:oai:ecite.utas.edu.au:100046 2023-05-15T14:03:25+02:00 Revisiting the Earth's sea‐level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 Church, JA White, NJ Konikow, LF Domingues, CM Cogley, JG Rignot, E Gregory, JM van den Broeke, MR Monaghan, AJ Velicogna, I 2011 application/pdf https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794 http://ecite.utas.edu.au/100046 en eng Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc. http://ecite.utas.edu.au/100046/1/Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 (with_correction).pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794 Church, JA and White, NJ and Konikow, LF and Domingues, CM and Cogley, JG and Rignot, E and Gregory, JM and van den Broeke, MR and Monaghan, AJ and Velicogna, I, Revisiting the Earth's sea‐level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008, Geophysical Research Letters, 38, (18) pp. 1-8. ISSN 0094-8276 (2011) [Refereed Article] http://ecite.utas.edu.au/100046 Earth Sciences Oceanography Physical Oceanography Refereed Article PeerReviewed 2011 ftunivtasecite https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794 2019-12-13T22:01:55Z We review the sea-level and energy budgets together from 1961, using recent and updated estimates of all terms. From 1972 to 2008, the observed sea-level rise (1.8 0.2 mm yr −1 from tide gauges alone and 2.1 0.2 mm yr −1 from a combination of tide gauges and altimeter observations) agrees well with the sum of contributions (1.8 0.4 mm yr −1 ) in magnitude and with both having similar increases in the rate of rise during the period. The largest contributions come from ocean thermal expansion (0.8 mm yr −1 ) and the melting of glaciers and ice caps (0.7 mm yr −1 ), with Greenland and Antarctica contributing about 0.4 mm yr −1 . The cryospheric contributions increase through the period (particularly in the 1990s) but the thermosteric contribution increases less rapidly. We include an improved estimate of aquifer depletion (0.3 mm yr −1 ), partially offsetting the retention of water in dams and giving a total terrestrial storage contribution of −0.1 mm yr −1 . Ocean warming (90% of the total of the Earth's energy increase) continues through to the end of the record, in agreement with continued greenhouse gas forcing. The aerosol forcing, inferred as a residual in the atmospheric energy balance, is estimated as −0.8 0.4 W m −2 for the 1980s and early 1990s. It increases in the late 1990s, as is required for consistency with little surface warming over the last decade. This increase is likely at least partially related to substantial increases in aerosol emissions from developing nations and moderate volcanic activity. Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctica Greenland eCite UTAS (University of Tasmania) Greenland Geophysical Research Letters 38 18 n/a n/a |
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Open Polar |
collection |
eCite UTAS (University of Tasmania) |
op_collection_id |
ftunivtasecite |
language |
English |
topic |
Earth Sciences Oceanography Physical Oceanography |
spellingShingle |
Earth Sciences Oceanography Physical Oceanography Church, JA White, NJ Konikow, LF Domingues, CM Cogley, JG Rignot, E Gregory, JM van den Broeke, MR Monaghan, AJ Velicogna, I Revisiting the Earth's sea‐level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 |
topic_facet |
Earth Sciences Oceanography Physical Oceanography |
description |
We review the sea-level and energy budgets together from 1961, using recent and updated estimates of all terms. From 1972 to 2008, the observed sea-level rise (1.8 0.2 mm yr −1 from tide gauges alone and 2.1 0.2 mm yr −1 from a combination of tide gauges and altimeter observations) agrees well with the sum of contributions (1.8 0.4 mm yr −1 ) in magnitude and with both having similar increases in the rate of rise during the period. The largest contributions come from ocean thermal expansion (0.8 mm yr −1 ) and the melting of glaciers and ice caps (0.7 mm yr −1 ), with Greenland and Antarctica contributing about 0.4 mm yr −1 . The cryospheric contributions increase through the period (particularly in the 1990s) but the thermosteric contribution increases less rapidly. We include an improved estimate of aquifer depletion (0.3 mm yr −1 ), partially offsetting the retention of water in dams and giving a total terrestrial storage contribution of −0.1 mm yr −1 . Ocean warming (90% of the total of the Earth's energy increase) continues through to the end of the record, in agreement with continued greenhouse gas forcing. The aerosol forcing, inferred as a residual in the atmospheric energy balance, is estimated as −0.8 0.4 W m −2 for the 1980s and early 1990s. It increases in the late 1990s, as is required for consistency with little surface warming over the last decade. This increase is likely at least partially related to substantial increases in aerosol emissions from developing nations and moderate volcanic activity. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Church, JA White, NJ Konikow, LF Domingues, CM Cogley, JG Rignot, E Gregory, JM van den Broeke, MR Monaghan, AJ Velicogna, I |
author_facet |
Church, JA White, NJ Konikow, LF Domingues, CM Cogley, JG Rignot, E Gregory, JM van den Broeke, MR Monaghan, AJ Velicogna, I |
author_sort |
Church, JA |
title |
Revisiting the Earth's sea‐level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 |
title_short |
Revisiting the Earth's sea‐level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 |
title_full |
Revisiting the Earth's sea‐level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 |
title_fullStr |
Revisiting the Earth's sea‐level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Revisiting the Earth's sea‐level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 |
title_sort |
revisiting the earth's sea‐level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 |
publisher |
Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc. |
publishDate |
2011 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794 http://ecite.utas.edu.au/100046 |
geographic |
Greenland |
geographic_facet |
Greenland |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctica Greenland |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctica Greenland |
op_relation |
http://ecite.utas.edu.au/100046/1/Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 (with_correction).pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794 Church, JA and White, NJ and Konikow, LF and Domingues, CM and Cogley, JG and Rignot, E and Gregory, JM and van den Broeke, MR and Monaghan, AJ and Velicogna, I, Revisiting the Earth's sea‐level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008, Geophysical Research Letters, 38, (18) pp. 1-8. ISSN 0094-8276 (2011) [Refereed Article] http://ecite.utas.edu.au/100046 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794 |
container_title |
Geophysical Research Letters |
container_volume |
38 |
container_issue |
18 |
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n/a |
op_container_end_page |
n/a |
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1766274056981577728 |