Detection of the freezing state and frozen section thickness of fine sand by ultrasonic testing

Determining the freezing state and frozen section thickness is fundamental to assessing the development of artificial frozen walls but is commonly difficult or inaccurate because of a limited number and fixed position of thermometer holes under complex field conditions. We report a novel experimenta...

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Published in:Permafrost and Periglacial Processes
Main Authors: Zhang, Ji-Wei, Murton, Julian, Liu, Shu-jie, Sui, Li-li, Zhang, Song
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2020
Subjects:
Online Access:http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/92604/
http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/92604/1/PPP-19-0073.R1_Proof_hi%20%284%29.pdf
http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/92604/4/ppp.2075.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2075
id ftunivsussex:oai:sro.sussex.ac.uk:92604
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spelling ftunivsussex:oai:sro.sussex.ac.uk:92604 2023-07-30T04:06:20+02:00 Detection of the freezing state and frozen section thickness of fine sand by ultrasonic testing Zhang, Ji-Wei Murton, Julian Liu, Shu-jie Sui, Li-li Zhang, Song 2020-07-16 application/pdf http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/92604/ http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/92604/1/PPP-19-0073.R1_Proof_hi%20%284%29.pdf http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/92604/4/ppp.2075.pdf https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2075 en eng Wiley http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/92604/1/PPP-19-0073.R1_Proof_hi%20%284%29.pdf http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/92604/4/ppp.2075.pdf Zhang, Ji-Wei, Murton, Julian, Liu, Shu-jie, Sui, Li-li and Zhang, Song (2020) Detection of the freezing state and frozen section thickness of fine sand by ultrasonic testing. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. pp. 1-16. ISSN 1045-6740 cc_by_4 Article PeerReviewed 2020 ftunivsussex https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2075 2023-07-11T20:42:55Z Determining the freezing state and frozen section thickness is fundamental to assessing the development of artificial frozen walls but is commonly difficult or inaccurate because of a limited number and fixed position of thermometer holes under complex field conditions. We report a novel experimental design that measures soil temperature, water content, and ultrasonic properties to monitor movement of the cryofront (0°C isotherm), water migration, and acoustic parameters during progressive upward freezing of fine sand under laboratory conditions. Ultrasonic testing during different stages of freezing revealed changes in three acoustic parameters (wave velocity, wave amplitude, and frequency spectrum). As the cryofront ascended through the sand at different water contents, wave velocity continually increased, whereas wave amplitude initially decreased and then increased. Wave velocity measurements revealed the cryofront position during freezing, but measurements of wave amplitude did not. The frequency components indicated the frequency of different evolving freezing regions during upward freezing and the freezing state of fine sand during later stages of freezing. The freezing state can be evaluated on the basis of single vs multiple peaks and the kurtosis of frequency spectrum change. An equation developed to predict the thickness of the frozen section and tested against measured values in the laboratory and field showed accuracies of 86.84–99.33%. The equation is used successfully to estimate frozen wall thickness in artificially frozen fine sand in Guangzhou, China. Article in Journal/Newspaper Permafrost and Periglacial Processes University of Sussex: Sussex Research Online Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 32 1 76 91
institution Open Polar
collection University of Sussex: Sussex Research Online
op_collection_id ftunivsussex
language English
description Determining the freezing state and frozen section thickness is fundamental to assessing the development of artificial frozen walls but is commonly difficult or inaccurate because of a limited number and fixed position of thermometer holes under complex field conditions. We report a novel experimental design that measures soil temperature, water content, and ultrasonic properties to monitor movement of the cryofront (0°C isotherm), water migration, and acoustic parameters during progressive upward freezing of fine sand under laboratory conditions. Ultrasonic testing during different stages of freezing revealed changes in three acoustic parameters (wave velocity, wave amplitude, and frequency spectrum). As the cryofront ascended through the sand at different water contents, wave velocity continually increased, whereas wave amplitude initially decreased and then increased. Wave velocity measurements revealed the cryofront position during freezing, but measurements of wave amplitude did not. The frequency components indicated the frequency of different evolving freezing regions during upward freezing and the freezing state of fine sand during later stages of freezing. The freezing state can be evaluated on the basis of single vs multiple peaks and the kurtosis of frequency spectrum change. An equation developed to predict the thickness of the frozen section and tested against measured values in the laboratory and field showed accuracies of 86.84–99.33%. The equation is used successfully to estimate frozen wall thickness in artificially frozen fine sand in Guangzhou, China.
format Article in Journal/Newspaper
author Zhang, Ji-Wei
Murton, Julian
Liu, Shu-jie
Sui, Li-li
Zhang, Song
spellingShingle Zhang, Ji-Wei
Murton, Julian
Liu, Shu-jie
Sui, Li-li
Zhang, Song
Detection of the freezing state and frozen section thickness of fine sand by ultrasonic testing
author_facet Zhang, Ji-Wei
Murton, Julian
Liu, Shu-jie
Sui, Li-li
Zhang, Song
author_sort Zhang, Ji-Wei
title Detection of the freezing state and frozen section thickness of fine sand by ultrasonic testing
title_short Detection of the freezing state and frozen section thickness of fine sand by ultrasonic testing
title_full Detection of the freezing state and frozen section thickness of fine sand by ultrasonic testing
title_fullStr Detection of the freezing state and frozen section thickness of fine sand by ultrasonic testing
title_full_unstemmed Detection of the freezing state and frozen section thickness of fine sand by ultrasonic testing
title_sort detection of the freezing state and frozen section thickness of fine sand by ultrasonic testing
publisher Wiley
publishDate 2020
url http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/92604/
http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/92604/1/PPP-19-0073.R1_Proof_hi%20%284%29.pdf
http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/92604/4/ppp.2075.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2075
genre Permafrost and Periglacial Processes
genre_facet Permafrost and Periglacial Processes
op_relation http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/92604/1/PPP-19-0073.R1_Proof_hi%20%284%29.pdf
http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/92604/4/ppp.2075.pdf
Zhang, Ji-Wei, Murton, Julian, Liu, Shu-jie, Sui, Li-li and Zhang, Song (2020) Detection of the freezing state and frozen section thickness of fine sand by ultrasonic testing. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. pp. 1-16. ISSN 1045-6740
op_rights cc_by_4
op_doi https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2075
container_title Permafrost and Periglacial Processes
container_volume 32
container_issue 1
container_start_page 76
op_container_end_page 91
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