Casting No Shadow: Overlapping Soilscapes of European-Indigenous Interaction in Northern Sweden

• Main Author: Green, Heather F.
• Other Authors: Simpson, Ian, PhD funded by The Leverhulme Trust, School of Natural Sciences, Biological and Environmental Sciences
• Format: Doctoral or Postdoctoral Thesis
• Language: English
• Published: University of Stirling 2012
• Subjects: soil; archaeology; Sweden; Sami; Saami; Sámi; geoarchaeology; thin section; micromorphology; chemical analysis; magnetic susceptibility; podzol; European; cultural indicators; palynology; entomology; plaggen; settlers; pastoralism; reindeer husbandry; trace; northern; anthropogenic; hunter gatherer; settlement; coprolite; phytolith; SEM; Scanning Electron Microscope; SEM/EDX; Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; pH; Sami (European people) Sweden; Northern History; Northern Antiquities; Paine; Northern Sweden; saami; sami
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/1893/13133; http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/13133/1/H._Green_-_Updated_Thesis_FINAL.pdf

The Sámi’s past activities have been documented historically from a European perspective, and more recently from an anthropological viewpoint, giving a generalised observation of the Sámi, during the study period of AD200-AD1800, as semi-nomadic hunter gatherers, with several theories suggesting that interaction with Europeans, through trade, led to the adoption of European activities by certain groups of the Sámi (Eiermann, 1923; Paine, 1957; Manker and Vorren, 1962; Bratrein, 1981; Mathiesen et al, 1981; Meriot, 1984). However, there is almost no information on the impact the Sámi had on the landscape, either before or after any adoption of European activities, and none investigating what cultural footprint or indicators would remain from Sámi or European occupation and/or activity within the typically podzolic soils of Northern Sweden. Consequently the thesis aims to contribute to the gap in knowledge through the formation of a podzol model identifying the links between anthropogenic activity and the alteration of podzol soils, and through the creation of soils based models which identify the cultural indicators associated with both Sámi and European activity; formed from the identification of cultural indicators retained within known Sámi and European sites. The methods used to obtain the information needed to achieve this were the pH and magnetic susceptibility from bulk soil samples and micromorphological and chemical analysis of thin section slides through the use of standard microscopy and X-ray fluorescence from a scanning electron microscope. The analysis revealed that the Sámi had an extremely low impact on the landscape, leaving hard to detect cultural indicators related to reindeer herding in the form of reindeer faecal material with corresponding phosphorous peaks in the thin section slides. The European footprint however, was markedly different and very visible even within the acidic soil environment. The European indicators were cultivation based and included phosphorous and aluminium peaks as ...