Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008
We review the sea-level and energy budgets together from 1961, using recent and updated estimates of all terms. From 1972 to 2008, the observed sea-level rise (1.8 ± 0.2 mm yr−1 from tide gauges alone and 2.1 ± 0.2 mm yr−1 from a combination of tide gauges and altimeter observations) agrees well wit...
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ftunivreading:oai:centaur.reading.ac.uk:26409 2024-09-15T17:46:29+00:00 Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 Church, J. A. White, N. J. Konikow, L. F. Domingues, C. M. Cogley, J. G. Rignot, E. Gregory, Jonathan M. Van den Broeke, M. R. Monaghan, A. J. Velicogna, I. 2011 https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/26409/ unknown American Geophysical Union Church, J. A., White, N. J., Konikow, L. F., Domingues, C. M., Cogley, J. G., Rignot, E., Gregory, J. M. <https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/view/creators/90000874.html> orcid:0000-0003-1296-8644 , Van den Broeke, M. R., Monaghan, A. J. and Velicogna, I. (2011) Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008. Geophysical Research Letters, 38. L18601. ISSN 0094-8276 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794 <https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794> Article PeerReviewed 2011 ftunivreading https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794 2024-08-12T23:43:15Z We review the sea-level and energy budgets together from 1961, using recent and updated estimates of all terms. From 1972 to 2008, the observed sea-level rise (1.8 ± 0.2 mm yr−1 from tide gauges alone and 2.1 ± 0.2 mm yr−1 from a combination of tide gauges and altimeter observations) agrees well with the sum of contributions (1.8 ± 0.4 mm yr−1) in magnitude and with both having similar increases in the rate of rise during the period. The largest contributions come from ocean thermal expansion (0.8 mm yr−1) and the melting of glaciers and ice caps (0.7 mm yr−1), with Greenland and Antarctica contributing about 0.4 mm yr−1. The cryospheric contributions increase through the period (particularly in the 1990s) but the thermosteric contribution increases less rapidly. We include an improved estimate of aquifer depletion (0.3 mm yr−1), partially offsetting the retention of water in dams and giving a total terrestrial storage contribution of −0.1 mm yr−1. Ocean warming (90% of the total of the Earth's energy increase) continues through to the end of the record, in agreement with continued greenhouse gas forcing. The aerosol forcing, inferred as a residual in the atmospheric energy balance, is estimated as −0.8 ± 0.4 W m−2 for the 1980s and early 1990s. It increases in the late 1990s, as is required for consistency with little surface warming over the last decade. This increase is likely at least partially related to substantial increases in aerosol emissions from developing nations and moderate volcanic activity Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctica Greenland CentAUR: Central Archive at the University of Reading Geophysical Research Letters 38 18 n/a n/a |
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Open Polar |
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CentAUR: Central Archive at the University of Reading |
op_collection_id |
ftunivreading |
language |
unknown |
description |
We review the sea-level and energy budgets together from 1961, using recent and updated estimates of all terms. From 1972 to 2008, the observed sea-level rise (1.8 ± 0.2 mm yr−1 from tide gauges alone and 2.1 ± 0.2 mm yr−1 from a combination of tide gauges and altimeter observations) agrees well with the sum of contributions (1.8 ± 0.4 mm yr−1) in magnitude and with both having similar increases in the rate of rise during the period. The largest contributions come from ocean thermal expansion (0.8 mm yr−1) and the melting of glaciers and ice caps (0.7 mm yr−1), with Greenland and Antarctica contributing about 0.4 mm yr−1. The cryospheric contributions increase through the period (particularly in the 1990s) but the thermosteric contribution increases less rapidly. We include an improved estimate of aquifer depletion (0.3 mm yr−1), partially offsetting the retention of water in dams and giving a total terrestrial storage contribution of −0.1 mm yr−1. Ocean warming (90% of the total of the Earth's energy increase) continues through to the end of the record, in agreement with continued greenhouse gas forcing. The aerosol forcing, inferred as a residual in the atmospheric energy balance, is estimated as −0.8 ± 0.4 W m−2 for the 1980s and early 1990s. It increases in the late 1990s, as is required for consistency with little surface warming over the last decade. This increase is likely at least partially related to substantial increases in aerosol emissions from developing nations and moderate volcanic activity |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Church, J. A. White, N. J. Konikow, L. F. Domingues, C. M. Cogley, J. G. Rignot, E. Gregory, Jonathan M. Van den Broeke, M. R. Monaghan, A. J. Velicogna, I. |
spellingShingle |
Church, J. A. White, N. J. Konikow, L. F. Domingues, C. M. Cogley, J. G. Rignot, E. Gregory, Jonathan M. Van den Broeke, M. R. Monaghan, A. J. Velicogna, I. Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 |
author_facet |
Church, J. A. White, N. J. Konikow, L. F. Domingues, C. M. Cogley, J. G. Rignot, E. Gregory, Jonathan M. Van den Broeke, M. R. Monaghan, A. J. Velicogna, I. |
author_sort |
Church, J. A. |
title |
Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 |
title_short |
Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 |
title_full |
Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 |
title_fullStr |
Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 |
title_sort |
revisiting the earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008 |
publisher |
American Geophysical Union |
publishDate |
2011 |
url |
https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/26409/ |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctica Greenland |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctica Greenland |
op_relation |
Church, J. A., White, N. J., Konikow, L. F., Domingues, C. M., Cogley, J. G., Rignot, E., Gregory, J. M. <https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/view/creators/90000874.html> orcid:0000-0003-1296-8644 , Van den Broeke, M. R., Monaghan, A. J. and Velicogna, I. (2011) Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008. Geophysical Research Letters, 38. L18601. ISSN 0094-8276 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794 <https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794> |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794 |
container_title |
Geophysical Research Letters |
container_volume |
38 |
container_issue |
18 |
container_start_page |
n/a |
op_container_end_page |
n/a |
_version_ |
1810494675425951744 |