Positive early-late life-history trait correlations in elephant seals

• Published in: Ecology
• Main Authors: Oosthuizen, Wessel Christiaan, Peron, Guillaume, Pradel, Roger, Bester, Marthan Nieuwoudt, De Bruyn, P.J. Nico
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Ecological Society of America 2021
• Subjects: Actuarial senescence; Age at first reproduction; Breeding age; Hidden Markov model; Imperfect detection; Life-history covariation; Mirounga leonina; Theory of aging; Elephant seal (Mirounga leonina); Elephant Seal; Elephant Seals; Southern Elephant Seals
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/2263/83986; https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3288

Correlations between early- and late-life performance are a major prediction of life-history theory. Negative early–late correlations can emerge because biological processes are optimized for early but not late life (e.g., rapid development may accelerate the onset of senescence; “developmental theory of aging”) or because allocation to early-life performance comes at a cost in terms of late-life performance (as in the disposable soma theory). But variation in genetic and environmental challenges that each individual has to cope with during early life may also lead to positive early–late life-history trait correlations (the “fixed heterogeneity” or “individual quality” hypothesis). We analyzed individual life-history trajectories of 7,420 known-age female southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) monitored over 36 yr to determine how actuarial senescence (a proxy for late-life performance) correlate with age at first reproduction (a proxy for early-life performance). As some breeding events may not be detected in this field study, we used a custom “multievent” hierarchical model to estimate the age at first reproduction and correlate it to other life-history traits. The probability of first reproduction was 0.34 at age 3, with most females breeding for the first time at age 4, and comparatively few at older ages. Females with an early age of first reproduction outperformed delayed breeders in all aspects we considered (survival, rate of senescence, net reproductive output) but one: early breeders appeared to have an onset of actuarial senescence 1 yr earlier compared to late breeders. Genetics and environmental conditions during early life likely explain the positive correlation between early- and late-life performance. Our results provide the first evidence of actuarial senescence in female southern elephant seals. The South African National Research Foundation (NRF) http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol am2022 Mammal Research Institute Zoology and Entomology