Herschel map of Saturn's stratospheric water, delivered by the plumes of Enceladus
International audience Context. The origin of water in the stratospheres of Giant Planets has been an outstanding question ever since its first detection by ISO some 20 years ago. Water can originate from interplanetary dust particles, icy rings and satellites and large comet impacts. Analysis of He...
Published in: | Astronomy & Astrophysics |
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Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Other Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
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HAL CCSD
2019
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Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://hal.science/hal-02282405 https://hal.science/hal-02282405/document https://hal.science/hal-02282405/file/aa35954-19.pdf https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935954 |
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ftunivparis:oai:HAL:hal-02282405v1 |
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openpolar |
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Open Polar |
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Université de Paris: Portail HAL |
op_collection_id |
ftunivparis |
language |
English |
topic |
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP] |
spellingShingle |
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP] Cavalié, T. Hue, V. Hartogh, P. Moreno, R. Lellouch, E. Feuchtgruber, H. Jarchow, C. Cassidy, T. Fletcher, L. N. Billebaud, F. Dobrijevic, M. Rezac, L. Orton, G. S. Rengel, M. Fouchet, T. Guerlet, S. Herschel map of Saturn's stratospheric water, delivered by the plumes of Enceladus |
topic_facet |
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP] |
description |
International audience Context. The origin of water in the stratospheres of Giant Planets has been an outstanding question ever since its first detection by ISO some 20 years ago. Water can originate from interplanetary dust particles, icy rings and satellites and large comet impacts. Analysis of Herschel Space Observatory observations have proven that the bulk of Jupiter's stratospheric water was delivered by the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts in 1994. In 2006, the Cassini mission detected water plumes at the South Pole of Enceladus, placing the moon as a serious candidate for Saturn's stratospheric water. Further evidence was found in 2011, when Herschel demonstrated the presence of a water torus at the orbital distance of Enceladus, fed by the moon's plumes. Finally, water falling from the rings onto Saturn's uppermost atmospheric layers at low latitudes was detected during the final orbits of Cassini's end-of-mission plunge into the atmosphere. Aims. In this paper, we use Herschel mapping observations of water in Saturn's stratosphere to identify its source. Methods. Several empirical models are tested against the Herschel-HIFI and -PACS observations, which were collected on December 30, 2010, and January 2nd, 2011 (respectively). Results. We demonstrate that Saturn's stratospheric water is not uniformly mixed as a function of latitude, but peaking at the equator and decreasing poleward with a Gaussian distribution. We obtain our best fit with an equatorial mole fraction 1.1 ppb and a half-width at half-maximum of 25°, when accounting for a temperature increase in the two warm stratospheric vortices produced by Saturn's Great Storm of 2010-2011. Conclusions. This work demonstrates that Enceladus is the main source of Saturn's stratospheric water. |
author2 |
ASP 2019 Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux Pessac (LAB) Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)) Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS) Max-Planck-Gesellschaft foreign laboratories (FL) CERN Genève Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics Boulder (LASP) University of Colorado Boulder Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics Oxford (AOPP) University of Oxford Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH) Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD) Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Cavalié, T. Hue, V. Hartogh, P. Moreno, R. Lellouch, E. Feuchtgruber, H. Jarchow, C. Cassidy, T. Fletcher, L. N. Billebaud, F. Dobrijevic, M. Rezac, L. Orton, G. S. Rengel, M. Fouchet, T. Guerlet, S. |
author_facet |
Cavalié, T. Hue, V. Hartogh, P. Moreno, R. Lellouch, E. Feuchtgruber, H. Jarchow, C. Cassidy, T. Fletcher, L. N. Billebaud, F. Dobrijevic, M. Rezac, L. Orton, G. S. Rengel, M. Fouchet, T. Guerlet, S. |
author_sort |
Cavalié, T. |
title |
Herschel map of Saturn's stratospheric water, delivered by the plumes of Enceladus |
title_short |
Herschel map of Saturn's stratospheric water, delivered by the plumes of Enceladus |
title_full |
Herschel map of Saturn's stratospheric water, delivered by the plumes of Enceladus |
title_fullStr |
Herschel map of Saturn's stratospheric water, delivered by the plumes of Enceladus |
title_full_unstemmed |
Herschel map of Saturn's stratospheric water, delivered by the plumes of Enceladus |
title_sort |
herschel map of saturn's stratospheric water, delivered by the plumes of enceladus |
publisher |
HAL CCSD |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
https://hal.science/hal-02282405 https://hal.science/hal-02282405/document https://hal.science/hal-02282405/file/aa35954-19.pdf https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935954 |
genre |
South pole |
genre_facet |
South pole |
op_source |
ISSN: 0004-6361 EISSN: 1432-0756 Astronomy and Astrophysics - A&A https://hal.science/hal-02282405 Astronomy and Astrophysics - A&A, 2019, 630, pp.id.A87. ⟨10.1051/0004-6361/201935954⟩ |
op_relation |
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/arxiv/1908.07399 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1051/0004-6361/201935954 hal-02282405 https://hal.science/hal-02282405 https://hal.science/hal-02282405/document https://hal.science/hal-02282405/file/aa35954-19.pdf ARXIV: 1908.07399 BIBCODE: 2019A&A.630A.87C doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935954 |
op_rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935954 |
container_title |
Astronomy & Astrophysics |
container_volume |
630 |
container_start_page |
A87 |
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1799467000789991424 |
spelling |
ftunivparis:oai:HAL:hal-02282405v1 2024-05-19T07:48:41+00:00 Herschel map of Saturn's stratospheric water, delivered by the plumes of Enceladus Cavalié, T. Hue, V. Hartogh, P. Moreno, R. Lellouch, E. Feuchtgruber, H. Jarchow, C. Cassidy, T. Fletcher, L. N. Billebaud, F. Dobrijevic, M. Rezac, L. Orton, G. S. Rengel, M. Fouchet, T. Guerlet, S. ASP 2019 Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux Pessac (LAB) Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)) Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS) Max-Planck-Gesellschaft foreign laboratories (FL) CERN Genève Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics Boulder (LASP) University of Colorado Boulder Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics Oxford (AOPP) University of Oxford Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH) Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD) Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) 2019 https://hal.science/hal-02282405 https://hal.science/hal-02282405/document https://hal.science/hal-02282405/file/aa35954-19.pdf https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935954 en eng HAL CCSD EDP Sciences info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/arxiv/1908.07399 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1051/0004-6361/201935954 hal-02282405 https://hal.science/hal-02282405 https://hal.science/hal-02282405/document https://hal.science/hal-02282405/file/aa35954-19.pdf ARXIV: 1908.07399 BIBCODE: 2019A&A.630A.87C doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935954 info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess ISSN: 0004-6361 EISSN: 1432-0756 Astronomy and Astrophysics - A&A https://hal.science/hal-02282405 Astronomy and Astrophysics - A&A, 2019, 630, pp.id.A87. ⟨10.1051/0004-6361/201935954⟩ Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP] info:eu-repo/semantics/article Journal articles 2019 ftunivparis https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935954 2024-04-23T03:31:47Z International audience Context. The origin of water in the stratospheres of Giant Planets has been an outstanding question ever since its first detection by ISO some 20 years ago. Water can originate from interplanetary dust particles, icy rings and satellites and large comet impacts. Analysis of Herschel Space Observatory observations have proven that the bulk of Jupiter's stratospheric water was delivered by the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts in 1994. In 2006, the Cassini mission detected water plumes at the South Pole of Enceladus, placing the moon as a serious candidate for Saturn's stratospheric water. Further evidence was found in 2011, when Herschel demonstrated the presence of a water torus at the orbital distance of Enceladus, fed by the moon's plumes. Finally, water falling from the rings onto Saturn's uppermost atmospheric layers at low latitudes was detected during the final orbits of Cassini's end-of-mission plunge into the atmosphere. Aims. In this paper, we use Herschel mapping observations of water in Saturn's stratosphere to identify its source. Methods. Several empirical models are tested against the Herschel-HIFI and -PACS observations, which were collected on December 30, 2010, and January 2nd, 2011 (respectively). Results. We demonstrate that Saturn's stratospheric water is not uniformly mixed as a function of latitude, but peaking at the equator and decreasing poleward with a Gaussian distribution. We obtain our best fit with an equatorial mole fraction 1.1 ppb and a half-width at half-maximum of 25°, when accounting for a temperature increase in the two warm stratospheric vortices produced by Saturn's Great Storm of 2010-2011. Conclusions. This work demonstrates that Enceladus is the main source of Saturn's stratospheric water. Article in Journal/Newspaper South pole Université de Paris: Portail HAL Astronomy & Astrophysics 630 A87 |