Primordial soils are primordial ecosystems - Para humus systems update

• Main Authors: Zanella, Augusto, Fritz, Ines, Squartini, Andrea, Mo, Lingzi, XU,Guo-Liang, Lowenfels, Jeff, Wetzel, Carlos E., Giomi, Folco, Valese, Eva, Badia-Villas, David, Chersich, Silvia, Andreetta, Anna, Pietrasiak, Nicole, Tatti, Dylan, Katzensteiner, Klaus
• Other Authors: Fritz, Ine, Xu, Guo-Liang
• Format: Conference Object
• Language: English
• Published: 2024
• Subjects: Humipedon; Para humus system; Biofilm; Initial soil; Fire; permafrost
• Online Access: https://hdl.handle.net/11577/3524723; https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mcbITzR1wfY1b4vLAaceHAyg_y_K3vzq/view

ABSTRACT BODY Classifying nature helps us humans to understand it. Extraterrestrial primordial ecosystems with early soils may be billions of years away. Fortunately, there are also initial and/or curious humipedons all over our planet today. They have been described as Para humus systems; in the present work we will add 7 new Para systems to the 6 published in 2017. A) Already described humipedons (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.09.043): 1. Crusto: soil crusts made by fungi, cyanobacteria, algae, lichens and other microorganisms 2. Bryo: made by mosses and lichens and microorganisms 3. Rhizo: made by root systems and microorganisms in aerated humipedons 4. Archaeo: made by microorganisms of acidic environments, or of high temperature or pressure 5. Anaero: made by microorganisms and animals in river, lake and marine shore and bottoms 6. Ligno: made by animals and fungi that feed on wood and microorganisms B) New humipedons: 7. Abio: abiotic humipedons (living organisms of all types including viruses: absent; organic matter: possible), mineral substrate modified by abiotic factors. Ex. on the moon, mars, meteorites 8. Into: generated by the microorganisms of the digestive system of heterotrophic organisms, under the partial and involuntary physiological control of the latter 9. Filmo: made by microorganisms in thin layers, everywhere 10. Cryo: made by microorganisms and animals of frozen environments, snow, permafrost, glaciers, etc. 11. Litho: rocky debris and dust colonized by microorganisms, generally on/in the screes at the base of the rocky walls of the mountains and other similar environments 12. Mangro: made by root systems and microorganisms in semiterrestrial environment 13. Fireo: microorganisms and animals in burned organic and organo-mineral matter (Fig. 1). Extending Para classes to include these early stages of soil formation will be useful and fun. These are the microorganisms that were the first to colonise our planet surface in strange extreme conditions. Such new settlement did not only ...