A Liquid-Helium-Cooled Absolute Reference Cold Load forLong-Wavelength Radiometric Calibration

• Main Authors: Bensadoun, M., Witebsky, C., Smoot, George F., De Amici,Giovanni, Kogut, A., Levin, S.
• Other Authors: United States. Department of Energy. Office of Science.
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1990
• Subjects: Calibration; Radiometers; Microwave Radiation; Cryogenic Fluids; Calibration Standards; Design; 71 Classical And Quantum Mechanics; General Physics; Helium; Performance; South Pole; South pole
• Online Access: https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc882907/

We describe a large (78-cm) diameter liquid-helium-cooled black-body absolute reference cold load for the calibration of microwave radiometers. The load provides an absolute calibration near the liquid helium (LHe) boiling point, accurate to better than 30 mK for wavelengths from 2.5 to 25 cm (12-1.2 GHz). The emission (from non-LHe temperature parts of the cold load) and reflection are small and well determined. Total corrections to the LHe boiling point temperature are {le} 50 mK over the operating range. This cold load has been used at several wavelengths at the South Pole and at the White Mountain Research Station. In operation, the average LHe loss rate was {le} 4.4 l/hr. Design considerations, radiometric and thermal performance and operational aspects are discussed. A comparison with other LHe-cooled reference loads including the predecessor of this cold load is given.