Extrapolation in species distribution modelling. application to Southern Ocean marine species.

• Published in: Progress in Oceanography
• Main Authors: Guillaumot, Charlène, Moreau, Camille, Danis, Bruno, Saucède, Thomas
• Other Authors: Laboratoire de Biologie Marine (LBM), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Biogéosciences UMR 6282 (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Work supported by a “Fonds pour la formation `a la Recherche dans l’Industrie et l’Agriculture” (FRIA) and “Bourse fondation de la mer”.
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: HAL CCSD 2020
• Subjects: Multivariate Environmental Similarity Surface (MESS); Marine species; Antarctic; Modelling relevance; Conservation issues; [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology; [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity; Southern Ocean; Antarc*
• Online Access: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02985372; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02985372/document; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02985372/file/S0079661120301774.pdf; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102438

11 pages International audience Species distribution modelling (SDM) has been increasingly applied to Southern Ocean case studies over the past decades, to map the distribution of species and highlight environmental settings driving species distribution. Predictive models have been commonly used for conservation purposes and supporting the delineation of marine protected areas, but model predictions are rarely associated with extrapolation uncertainty maps.In this study, we used the Multivariate Environmental Similarity Surface (MESS) index to quantify model uncertainty associated to extrapolation. Considering the reference dataset of environmental conditions for which species presence-only records are modelled, extrapolation corresponds to the part of the projection area for which one environmental value at least falls outside of the reference dataset.Six abundant and common sea star species of marine benthic communities of the Southern Ocean were used as case studies. Results show that up to 78% of the projection area is extrapolation, i.e. beyond conditions used for model calibration. Restricting the projection space by the known species ecological requirements (e.g. maximal depth, upper temperature tolerance) and increasing the size of presence datasets were proved efficient to reduce the proportion of extrapolation areas. We estimate that multiplying sampling effort by 2 or 3-fold should help reduce the proportion of extrapolation areas down to 10% in the six studied species.Considering the unexpectedly high levels of extrapolation uncertainty measured in SDM predictions, we strongly recommend that studies report information related to the level of extrapolation. Waiting for improved datasets, adapting modelling methods and providing such uncertainy information in distribution modelling studies are a necessity to accurately interpret model outputs and their reliability.