UPORABA PRAVA NA PODLAGI UREDBE "RIM III"

• Main Author: Vodopivc, Anja
• Other Authors: Kraljić, Suzana
• Format: Bachelor Thesis
• Language: Slovenian
• Published: A. Vodopivc 2016
• Subjects: uredba Rim III; kolizijsko pravo; ločitev; razveza; okrepljeno sodelovanje; mednarodno zasebno pravo; pravo; ki se uporablja; Rome III Regulation; conflicts of law; divorce; legal separation; enhanced cooperation; private international law; applicable law; info:eu-repo/classification/udc/341.2(043.2); Malo; Spora; sami
• Online Access: https://dk.um.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=63942; https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?id=105253&dn=; http://www.cobiss.si/scripts/cobiss?command=DISPLAY&base=cobib&rid=5295915&fmt=11

Notranja pravila mednarodnega zasebnega prava in pravila mednarodnih konvencij so do nedavnega urejala pristojnost, pravo, ki se uporablja, in priznavanje ter izvrševanje sodnih odločb v družinskih zadevah, ki so vsebovale mednarodni element. Vse pogosteje prihaja do poenotenja teh pravil z uredbami EU, med katere sodi tudi Uredba o vzpostavitvi okrepljenega sodelovanja na področju prava, ki se uporablja za razvezo in prenehanje življenjske skupnosti oziroma Uredba Rim III. Po dolgotrajnih pogajanjih je bila ta uredba prva, ki je za dosego svojih ciljev uporabila mehanizem okrepljenega sodelovanja. Države članice namreč zaradi nasprotovanja nekaterih držav članic niso mogle doseči soglasja v razumnem času. Uredba Rim III se uporabi v primeru kolizije zakonov pri razvezi zakonske zveze oziroma pri prenehanju življenjske skupnosti. Ker je avtonomija strank omejena, imata stranki možnost pod določenimi pogoji sami izbrati pravo, ki naj se uporabi v njunem sporu, možni pogoji pa so taksativno našteti v sami uredbi. Z izbiro se zakonca lahko izogneta uporabi prava, s katerim imata malo ali nobene povezave, in se omejita na pravo, ki je tesno povezano z njuno zakonsko zvezo. Tako lahko vnaprej predvidita posledice, ki jih bo imela njuna izbira. Na ta način se zavaruje šibkejša stranka. V primerih, ko stranki sami ne izbereta prava, daje uredba Rim III taksativno naštete pogoje, ki določajo, katero pravo se bo uporabilo. Prednost ima uporaba prava države običajnega prebivališča zakoncev pred razvezo, ne glede na sodišče, kjer bo potekal postopek. S tem uredba Rim III zagotavlja varstvo šibkejše stranke. Pri izbirni pristojnosti dopušča zakonodajalec možnost, da se stranke odločijo, katero sodišče bo odločalo v njunem primeru, slovensko ali tuje. Zaradi tega se lahko pojavi »forum shopping« (stranke lahko vplivajo na izid spora), ki mu teoretiki pripisujejo negativen pomen, saj lahko omogoča različne sodbe, kar pa je v nasprotju z načelom pravičnosti in harmonije med pravnimi redi. V praksi, ki je glede uporabe Uredbe Rim III ni prav veliko, je zaradi usklajenih skupnih pravil v zakonskih sporih možnost »hitenja na sodišče« enega od zakoncev zmanjšana. Zna se pojaviti tudi problem skupne dvojne narodnosti, zato bi bilo iz razlogov jasnosti priporočljivo vstaviti klavzulo o različnih narodnostih. Until recently, internal rules of private international law and rules of international conventions were regulating jurisdiction, applicable law, and recognition and enforcement of judgments in family matters which included an international element. Those rules are more and more unified with EU regulations, including Council Regulation (EU) No 1259/2010 implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of the law applicable to divorce and legal separation also known as Rome III Regulation. After a long period of negotiations, this regulation was the first to achieve its goals by means of enhanced cooperation. This mechanism was chosen because some Member States did not agree with the proposal and it was therefore not possible to reach an agreement within reasonable time. Rome III Regulation applies in case of conflicts of law in a divorce or separation. Since the parties' autonomy is restricted, they can, under certain conditions, choose the applicable law for their case. Possible conditions are listed in the Regulation itself. If spouses have little or no connection with the applicable law, they can avoid it by choosing a law that is more closely related to their marriage, so they can foresee in advance the consequences of their choice. This protects the weaker party. When parties do not choose the applicable law themselves, the Rome III Regulation exhaustively lists the conditions that define which law will apply. Application of the law of the spouses' habitual residence country before the divorce, is prioritised, irrespective of the court at which the proceedings will be pending. In such cases, the Rome III Regulation provides protection for the weaker party. With elective jurisdiction, parties can decide which court will rule in their case, Slovenian or foreign. This may cause »forum shopping« by which parties can influence the outcome of the dispute. Theorists have been critical of it because it enables different judgments, contrary to the principle of fairness and harmony between the laws. In practice, which rarely uses the Rome III Regulation, the possibility of one party's »rush to court« is reduced due to harmonised common rules in matrimonial matters. Problem of common dual nationality may appear, though, therefore inserting a clause on multiple nationalities would, for reasons of clarity, be advisable.