MIGRACIJE NA "BALKANSKI POTI" IN KRIMINALITETA: KRIMINALISTIČNI VIDIK - Vočanec, Darko ([D. Vočanec], 2016)
V diplomskem delu z naslovom Migracije na »Balkanski poti« in kriminaliteta : kriminalistični vidik, sem predstavil povezavo med migracijami, s katerimi se je srečala Evropa in države na t. i. Balkanski poti predvsem v drugi polovici leta 2015 in določenimi oblikami kriminalitete, katere storilci oziroma potencialni storilci in žrtve oziroma potencialne žrtve so migranti na sami migracijski poti, od emigracijskih, preko tranzitnih, do imigracijskih oziroma ciljnih držav. Po podatkih Agencije Frontex je na območje Evropske unije v letu 2015 prišlo 1.822.337 migrantov, od tega po Zahodni balkanski poti 764.038 migrantov, od tega na tej poti v 556.285 primerih državljanstvo ni bilo ugotovljeno, določeno ali opredeljeno. Migranti so na tej poti, pa tudi pozneje, v državah nastanitve in integracije, udeleženi tako kot storilci oziroma potencialni storilci, pa tudi kot žrtve oziroma potencialne žrtve kaznivih dejanj splošne kriminalitete, predvsem kaznivih dejanj zoper življenje in telo, kaznivih dejanj zoper spolno nedotakljivost in kaznivih dejanj zoper premoženje, organizirane kriminalitete in posebne oblike kriminalitete terorizma. Pri vsaki posamezni vrsti kriminalitete so predstavljeni primeri, pridobljeni predvsem iz svetovnega spleta, osnovne značilnosti vsake vrste kriminalitete, osnovne značilnosti in metode preiskovanja, ki jih opravljajo organi odkrivanja in preiskovanja ter ugotovitve s kriminalističnega vidika. Organi odkrivanja in preiskovanja v primeru reaktivnega preiskovanja nimajo večjih težav pri izvedbi klasičnih in osnovnih preiskovalnih dejanj, z določenimi težavami pa se srečajo predvsem pri proaktivnem preiskovanju na področju mednarodnega policijskega sodelovanja in uporabe prikritih preiskovalnih ukrepov pri preiskovanju organizirane kriminalitete in terorizma. Kot največji problem bi izpostavil nezmožnost natančne identifikacije tako storilcev kot žrtev kaznivih dejanj, kajti velika večina migrantov potuje po Balkanski poti brez osebnih dokumentov, zaradi česar so lahko migranti državljani »države, za katero se odločijo«, to pa predstavlja veliko »priložnost« za razne teroristične organizacije in skupine, da z infiltracijo svojih članov med migrante spravijo le te v države Evropske unije, kjer so že in še bodo lahko izvajali vse oblike terorističnega delovanja. Ravno tako predstavlja množičnost migracijskega vala na območje Evropske unije priložnost za ustvarjanje velikega dobička raznim skupinam organizirane kriminalitete, ki se ukvarjajo s organiziranjem in tihotapljenjem migrantov, trgovino z otroki in trgovino s človeškimi organi. Obravnavana tematika diplomskega dela bo po mojem mnenju še kako aktualna tudi v prihodnosti, če spremljamo pristopna pogajanja Turčije in Evropske unije, dejstvo, da se v taboriščih na ozemlju Turčije nahaja skoraj tri milijone beguncev ter dejstvo, da Turčija, po sklenitvi dogovora o reševanju migracijske krize, s tem dogovorom izsiljuje in pogojuje rezultate pristopnih pogajanj in predloga za ukinitev vizumske obveznosti za državljane Turčije. In my diploma thesis entitled MIGRATIONS ON THE »BALKAN'S PATH« AND CRIMINALITY: CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION ASPECT I have presented the connection between migrations that befell Europe and the countries along the s.c. Balkan route, particularly in the second half of 2015, and certain forms of criminality where the perpetrators or potential perpetrators and the victims or potential victims are the migrants along the migration route, considering the emigration, transit and immigration or target countries. According to the information collected by the Frontex Agency, 1,822,337 migrants entered the European Union territory, 764,038 of them travelled along the western Balkan route along this route, in 556,285 cases the citizenship of the migrants was not established, determined or defined. While still on the route and later, in the countries where they were put up and integrated, migrants appear as perpetrators or potential perpetrators, as well as victims or potential victims of common criminal offences, particularly criminal offences against life and body, criminal offences against sexual intangibility and criminal offences against property, of organized crime and a special type of crime – terrorism. For each individual type of criminality, cases are presented, mostly acquired from the internet, as well as the basic characteristics of every type of criminality, the basic features and methods of investigation, implemented by the detection and investigation authorities, and the findings from the point of view of the criminalistics. In the case of reactive investigation, the detection and investigation authorities are not confronted with major difficulties, when carrying out classical and basic investigative actions on the other hand, they have certain difficulties at proactive investigation in the realm of the international police cooperation and the implementation of secret investigative actions, investigating organized crime and terrorism. In my opinion, the essential problem is the inability to identify the perpetrators as well as the victims of criminal offences precisely, as the majority of migrants travel along the Balkan route without identification documents, resulting in the fact that they can become citizens of »the country they choose«, which represents a great »opportunity« for various terrorist organizations and groups to infiltrate their members among migrants, thus enabling them to enter the member countries of the European union, where they have already carried out and will carry out all kinds of terrorist activities. These mass migrations towards the European Union also represent an opportunity for organized crime groups to create vast profits, dealing in organizing and smuggling migrants, and trafficking in children and human organs. In my opinion, the topic dealt with in this diploma thesis will remain a burning problem in the future as well, taking into account the accession negotiations between Turkey and the European Union, the fact that almost three million refugees are still located in refugee camps in Turkey, and the fact that Turkey upon reaching an agreement to solve the migrant crisis, is using this agreement to blackmail, influence the results of the accession negotiations and the request to abolish visa obligations for the citizens of Turkey.