PRAVNI VIDIKI IZSTOPA DRŽAVE ČLANICE IZ EVROPSKE UNIJE IN IZSTOPA IZ EVRSKEGA OBMOČJA - Lisac, Tina ([T. Lisac], 2016)
Namen diplomskega dela je raziskati, kakšne so pravne možnosti za izstop države članice iz EU in izstop države članice iz evrskega območja. Vse do leta 2009, ko je v veljavo stopila Lizbonska pogodba in uvedla 50. člen PEU, možnost izstopa države članice iz EU ni bila nikjer jasno urejena. Po uvedbi izstopne klavzule pa ni več nobenega dvoma, ali je izstop iz EU mogoč ali ne. Primer izstopa iz EU pa se bo morebiti zgodil v bližnji prihodnosti, saj so v Združenem kraljestvu 23. junija 2016 volivci na zgodovinskem referendumu glasovali za izstop iz EU. Referendum sicer pravno ni zavezujoč, je pa zdaj že bivši premier David Cameron obljubil, da bodo spoštovali odločitev izbrano na referendumu. Izstop iz EU pa lahko tako državi, ki izstopa, kot tudi sami EU prinese veliko škodljivih posledic. Pojavijo se vprašanja glede vpliva na trg, gospodarstvo, kot tudi glede tega, kakšni bodo odnosi med državami po izstopu države članice iz EU. Ne smemo pa pozabiti niti na vprašanja s področja zaposlovanja, zdravstva, varstva potnikov v letalskem prometu, kmetijstva, pravice potrošnikov, itd. Kakšne bodo dejanske posledice izstopa je odvisno tudi od uspešnosti dveletnih pogajanj med EU in državo članico, ki želi izstopiti. Na to pa vplivajo tudi geografska lega države članice, velikost in gospodarska moč. Drugače pa je v primeru manjše, gospodarsko šibkejše države, ki bi si verjetno težko sploh privoščila razmišljati o izstopu iz EU, ne toliko zaradi samega procesa kot zaradi samih posledic na politične odnose, gospodarstvo in vsa prej omenjena področja. V primeru Združenega kraljestva bi izpostavila, da Združeno kraljestvo ni v evrskem območju, torej njihov izstop iz EU, ne bo hkrati tudi izstop iz evrskega območja, kar delno olajša stvari. V diplomskem delu pa so raziskane tudi različne možnosti izstopa države članice iz evrskega območja. Izstop iz evrskega območja v pogodbah EU ni predviden, zato se poraja vprašanje, če je sploh mogoč brez sočasnega izstopa država članice iz EU. Pravno najbolj mogoča rešitev je, da bi država članica, če bi želela izstopiti iz evrskega območja, morala izstopiti iz EU kot celote. Seveda obstaja tudi teoretična možnost spremembe obstoječih pogodb, ki je bolj malo verjetna, ker je za spremembo potrebno soglasje države članice. V grški krizi leta 2015, ko je Grčiji ponovno grozil stečaj, pa se je pojavilo tudi vprašanje, ali imajo države članice pravico izključiti državo, ki huje krši pravila EU, iz evrskega območja. Dunajska konvencija o pravu mednarodnih pogodb v 60. členu predvideva to možnost, a je Sodišče EU že večkrat razsodilo, da se kršitve pogodb EU rešujejo znotraj samih pogodb EU in ne po mednarodnem pravu. Te pa predvidevajo le denarne sankcije, ki v primeru Grčije nimajo več smisla. Prisilni izstop države članice iz evrskega območja trenutno ni mogoč. The purpose of this study is to explore what are the legal options for the withdrawal of the Member State from the European Union (EU) and the withdrawal of the Member State from the euro area. Until 2009, when the Lisbon Treaty entered into force and introduced Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU), the possibility for Member States to withdraw from the EU was not clearly regulated anywhere. Following the introduction of a withdrawal clause, there is no longer any doubt that the withdrawal from the EU is possible. An example of withdrawal from the EU will possibly take place in the near future, as withdrawal from the EU was voted at the historic referendum by United Kingdom's voters on 23 June 2016. Although the referendum is not legally binding the Prime Minister at the time, David Cameron, promised to respect the decision to leave the EU. Withdrawal from the EU can hold many adverse consequences, both for the withdrawing Member state, as well as for the EU itself. Issues regarding the impact on the market and economy arises, as well questions regarding relations between countries after the withdrawal of a Member State from the EU. Other issues include the impact on employment, health care, protection of passengers in air transport, agriculture, consumer rights, and a range of other fields. Actual implications of the withdrawal depend on the outcome of biennial negotiations between the EU and the Member State that wishes to withdraw. Geographical position of the withdrawing Member State, its size and economic strength also affect negotiations. For small, economically weaker countries withdrawal from the EU would probably be difficult to afford. This is likely not only due to the process itself, but to a greater extent due to consequences regarding political relations, the economy and all of the aforementioned areas. In the case of United Kingdom I would like to point out that the United Kingdom is not a member of the euro area, which may partly make their exit from the EU easier. Various possibilities for Member States to withdraw from the euro area are also explored in this thesis. Withdrawal from the euro area is not provided in the EU treaties, so the question arises if it is at all possible for a Member State to withdraw from the euro area without simultaneous withdrawal from the EU. The most legally plausible solution is that if a Member State wishes to withdraw from the euro area it should also withdraw from the EU as a whole. Of course there is also a theoretical possibility to change existing contracts which is more unlikely, because it requires unanimity of all Member states. During the Greek crisis in 2015, when Greece was again on the verge of bankruptcy, the question arose as to whether Member States are entitled to expulse another Member State from the euro area, if that Member State seriously violates EU rules. Article 60 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides this possibility, but the European Court of Justice has repeatedly ruled that the breach of EU treaties is settled within the EU treaties themselves, not under international law. Those EU treaties provide only financial penalties which in the case of Greece no longer make sense or provide leverage. Therefore, the expulsion of a Member state is currently not possible.