INTEGRACIJA FOTOVOLTAIČNIH SISTEMOV V ČLOVEKOV BIVALNI, DELOVNI IN NARAVNI PROSTOR - Crnjac, Tadej (T. Crnjac, 2012)
V tem delu bomo predstavili odkritje osnovnega fenomena in lastnosti fotonapetostnih materialov, teoretično razlago fotoefekta, prve silicijeve sončne celice in prvo uporabo fotonapetostnih tehnologij na svetu. Podali bomo kratek pregled proizvodnje silicija, ki je najpomembnejši material za izdelavo sončnih celic. Glede na kristalno strukturo so znane monokristalne, polikristalne in amorfne sončne celice. Predstavili bomo tri tipe fotovoltaičnih sistemov. To so fotovoltaični sistemi vezani na omrežje, integrirani fotovoltaični sistemi in samostojne elektrarne. Sistemi vezani na omrežje so postavljeni v urbanih naseljih, na strehah hiš. Integrirani fotonapetostni sistemi so sistemi integrirani v objekte. Sončne celice so na fasadah, v oknih in na strehah. Tukaj je potrebna kooperacija arhitektov in fotonapetostnih oblikovalcev. Velike samostojne fotonapetostne elektrarne so bile zgrajene po svetu v oddaljenih kmečkih naseljih, kjer ni električnega omrežja. Ker je sončna energija čista, varna in prosto dosegljiva, predstavlja to odlično rešitev proizvodnje elektrike v zaščitenih oddaljenih krajih, na primer v naravnih rezervatih, na Himalaji, na Antarktiki. Fotonapetostni sistemi se uporabljajo v zdravstvenih klinikah, v kmečkem okolju za sterilizacijo, cestno razsvetljavo, hladilnike, alarmne in kontrolne sisteme, telekomunikacijske sisteme in protihrupne ovire. In this work we present the discovery of the basic phenomena and properties of the photovoltaic materials, the theoretical explanation of the photovoltaic effect, the first silicon solar cells and the first application of photovoltaic technologies in the world. We give a short overview of the production of silicon which is the most important material of solar cells. According to the crystalline structure, mono-crystalline, poly-crystalline and amorphous solar cells are known. We introduce three types of photovoltaic systems. These are grid-connected photovoltaic systems, building integrated photovoltaic systems and stand-alone photovoltaic power plants. Grid-connected systems are constructed in urban areas on the roofs of the houses. Building integrated photovoltaic systems refer to photovoltaic systems integrated with the object. The solar cells are along the façades, in the windows and on the roofs. Here the cooperation of architects and photovoltaic designers is necessary. Large stand-alone power plants have been constructed worldwide in remote rural areas where public electric network is not available. Since solar energy is clean, safe and freely available it presents an excellent solution for electricity production in protected areas, for instance in natural parks, on Himalaya and in Antarctica. The photovoltaic systems are used in medical clinics in rural areas for sterilization equipment, street lighting, refrigerators, alarm and control systems, telecommunication systems and noise barrier.