Zakonodajna rešitev navijaškega nasilja : diplomsko delo visokošolskega strokovnega študija Varnost in policijsko delo - Biro, Nikolaj (N. Biro, 2012)
V diplomski nalogi predstavljam zakonodajne rešitve navijaškega nasilja. Navijači in z njimi povezano navijaško nasilje je staro kot same športne panoge. Skozi leta so se spreminjale tako športne discipline, kot sami navijači, ki v zadnjih desetletjih povzročajo incidente ter predstavljajo problem v družbi. Navijaško nasilje na in ob športnih prireditvah predstavlja tudi ekonomski problem državi, kajti stroški varovanja in povzročena materialna škoda predstavljata nepotreben strošek tako državi kot športnim klubom. V preteklosti in sedanjosti so skrajne politične opcije poskušale izrabiti v navijaški subkulturi svoje politične interese, kar se je najbolj izražalo pri razpadu bivše Jugoslavije. Navijaško nasilje poskušajo države reševati na različne načine, vsem pa je skupno, da jih poskušajo reševati z različnimi zakonskimi in podzakonskimi akti. Zakonski ukrepi, ki jih pri preprečevanju navijaškega nasilja uporabljajo razvitejše evropske države so: prepoved metanja predmetov na igrišče ali sam športni objekt, načrtno maskiranje obraza, prepoved uporabe pirotehničnih izdelkov, prepoved petja pesmi, ki temeljijo na rasni in verski izpovedi, prepoved vnosa transparentov, ki vzbujajo sovraštvo in temeljijo na rasni in verski izpovedi ter prepoved vstopa na športni objekt osebam, ki so bile sankcionirane. Čeprav omenjeni zakonski ukrepi natančno določajo, kaj je prepovedano in kaj ne, se na samih evropskih športnih prireditvah ter drugod po svetu še vedno dogajajo razni incidenti ter z njimi povezano navijaško nasilje, zato se poraja vprašanje ali so zakonodajni ukrepi osnovni temelj pri reševanju navijaškega nasilja. V prvem delu diplomskega dela je opredeljeno, kdo so sploh navijači, kakšna je struktura navijaške skupine in kakšna je njihova časovna ter prostorska mobilnost pred športnim dogodkom, pa tudi kakšne vrste nasilja na športnih prireditvah poznamo. V drugem delu so opisane navijaške scene držav v Evropi. Prav tako je opisana veljavna zakonodaja in ukrepi, ki preprečujejo navijaško nasilje po naštetih državah ter nekatere oblike preprečevanja navijaškega nasilja. Diplomsko delo zaključujemo z verifikacijo hipotez in razpravo ter nekaterimi nasveti za rešitev opisanega problema. This thesis will explore the possible solutions for violent outbursts at sporting events. Fans and violence at sporting events go hand in hand since the very beginning of the sports industry. Through the years, the industry has evolved and the violence has escalated. In the last decade, the violent behavior of fans has been the cause for numerous incidents, thus representing an ever growing problem for society. Violence on/during sporting events also represents an economical problem, as the security expenses as well as the criminal damage caused by violent outbursts of fans represent unnecessary costs for the sports clubs and the state alike. In the past as well as the present, far-right politics has been trying to use the football firm subculture for its own political agenda. This was especially evident during the Yugoslav wars. Different countries are trying to solve this problem in many different ways, although legislative provisions are the most commonly used measures in reducing and preventing violent outbursts among fans at sporting events. Legal actions used by more developed European countries include prohibition against reckless endangerment of others by throwing objects or sports objects on the (soccer) field, penalties for deliberate face masking as well as for lighting flares and other pyrotechnics, penalties for smuggling offensive and hateful material (e.g. banners) to sports venues as well as singing songs based on racial and religious discrimination and the possibility of a stadium ban for individuals previously sanctioned. Though all of these legislative provisions precisely define, which actions are prohibited, various incidents caused by violent behavior of fans are still frequent occurrences during European sporting events. All these recurring violent actions cast a shadow of a doubt on the effectiveness of these legal actions. This thesis will focus on the identity of fans, the structure of football firms as well as their time and space mobility before the beginning of sporting events in addition it will represent different types of violence on sporting events. Moreover, it will depict the environment of specific fan clubs in Europe and represent an overview of the current legislative acts specific for European countries as well as introduce some forms of prevention of violent behavior on sporting events. In conclusion, a verification of the hypothesis, a discussion and some suggestions on how to handle previously represented problems will be presented.