POČITNIŠKA HIŠA IZ ZBITE ZEMLJE - Kastelic, Kaja (K. Kastelic, 2010)
Zemljina kot gradbeni material spremlja človeštvo že od samih začetkov. Zgradbe iz zemljine najdemo na vseh kontinentih, razen na Antarktiki. Še danes živi približno tretjina svetovnega prebivalstva v hišah iz zemljine. Pomembno vlogo igra predvsem v nerazvitem delu sveta, kjer so sodobni gradbeni materiali težko dostopni. Z višanjem zavesti o pomembnosti trajnostnega razvoja pa narašča zanimanje za gradnjo z zemljino tudi v razvitih deželah. Obstaja veliko različic tehnike gradnje, pri kateri se zemljino zbija v opaž. Poleg tradicionalnih, so se tudi v kasnejšem času razvijale nove tehnike gradnje z zemljino. Praktični del diplomske naloge obsega izdelavo idejne zasnove počitniške hiše in makete iz zbite zemljine v merilu 1:10. Zasnova hiše sestoji iz dnevnega prostora s kuhinjo ter izhodom na teraso, spalnice ter kopalnice. Maketo sem izdelala s pomočjo sistema opažev, ki sem ga predhodno razvila in je prilagojen izbranemu merilu. Omejila sem se na izdelavo konstrukcijskih delov stavbe. Podzidek zidov je iz cementne, mikroarmirane malte, na njem stojijo nosilni zidovi iz zbite zemljine, ki se zaključijo z vencem iz cementno-apnene malte. Na njega je nameščeno leseno ostrešje. V odprtine oken in vrat so vstavljeni leseni okvirji. Osrednja tema diskusije po končani gradnji se nanaša na pojav razpok v zidovih iz zbite zemljine. Nastale so predvsem v okolici odprtin. Razpoke so posledica krčenja med sušenjem. Preprečujemo jih lahko z nizkim deležem gline in vode v zemljini ter z omejitvijo dimenzij zidov ali segmentov zidov. Zagotavljanje počasnega sušenja bistveno pripomore k zmanjševanju razpok. Earth is one of the first materials used for construction of shelters. Buildings made of earth are found on all continents, except Antarctica. Even today, one third of the human population lives in earthen houses. It plays an important role in the underdeveloped parts of the world, where modern building materials are hardly available. Due to increasing environmental consciousness, interest for using earth as a building material grows also in developed countries. There are many traditional building techniques where earth is rammed into formwork. Even today new techniques are being developed. As a practical part of the assignment the architectural concept of a rammed earth lodge was developed and a model in 1:10 scale was built. The lodge consists of a living room with kitchen area having an exit to a deck, of a bedroom and a bathroom. Model was made using a formwork, which was developed for a selected scale. Production was limited on a construction parts. The plinth of the model is made of cement mortar containing steel microfibers. Upon the plinth rammed earth walls are constructed and a layer of cement-lime mortar is used to finish the walls. Timber roof structure is laid on the walls. Openings are constructed using wooden frames. The main issue of a discussion is development of cracks in the walls of rammed earth. They occur mainly close to the openings. The cracks are result of shrinkage during drying. Cracks can be minimized by using earth with low clay and water content or by limiting the dimensions of the walls. Ensuring a slow drying process also helps to prevent formation of the cracks.