Enhanced sulfur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring 2020
Sulfur compounds in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) impact the atmosphere radiation budget, either directly as particles or indirectly as precursor gas for new particle formation. In situ measurements in the UTLS are rare but are important to better understand the impact of the s...
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Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
2022
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Online Access: | https://openscience.ub.uni-mainz.de/handle/20.500.12030/8851 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12030/8851 https://doi.org/10.25358/openscience-8835 |
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ftunivmainzpubl:oai:openscience.ub.uni-mainz.de:20.500.12030/8851 2024-01-07T09:45:18+01:00 Enhanced sulfur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring 2020 Tomsche, Laura Marsing, Andreas Jurkat-Witschas, Tina Lucke, Johannes Kaufmann, Stefan Kaiser, Katharina Schneider, Johannes Scheibe, Monika Schlager, Hans Röder, Lenard Fischer, Horst Obersteiner, Florian Zahn, Andreas Zöger, Martin Lelieveld, Jos Voigt, Christiane 2022 https://openscience.ub.uni-mainz.de/handle/20.500.12030/8851 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12030/8851 https://doi.org/10.25358/openscience-8835 eng eng Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz http://doi.org/10.25358/openscience-8835 https://openscience.ub.uni-mainz.de/handle/20.500.12030/8851 1680-7375 CC BY https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ openAccess Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 22. -. 2022. 15135. 15151. - ddc:540 ddc:550 ddc:624 ddc:660 Zeitschriftenaufsatz publishedVersion Text doc-type:article 2022 ftunivmainzpubl https://doi.org/20.500.12030/885110.25358/openscience-8835 2023-12-10T23:41:07Z Sulfur compounds in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) impact the atmosphere radiation budget, either directly as particles or indirectly as precursor gas for new particle formation. In situ measurements in the UTLS are rare but are important to better understand the impact of the sulfur budget on climate. The BLUESKY mission in May and June 2020 explored an unprecedented situation. (1) The UTLS experienced extraordinary dry conditions in spring 2020 over Europe, in comparison to previous years, and (2) the first lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic caused major emission reductions from industry, ground, and airborne transportation. With the two research aircraft HALO and Falcon, 20 flights were conducted over central Europe and the North Atlantic to investigate the atmospheric composition with respect to trace gases, aerosol, and clouds. Here, we focus on measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate sulfate (SO2????4 ) in the altitude range of 8 to 14.5 km which show unexpectedly enhanced mixing ratios of SO2 in the upper troposphere and of SO2????4 in the lowermost stratosphere. In the UT, we find SO2 mixing ratios of (0:07 0:01) ppb, caused by the remaining air traffic, and reduced SO2 sinks due to low OH and low cloud fractions and to a minor extent by uplift from boundary layer sources. Particulate sulfate showed elevated mixing ratios of up to 0.33 ppb in the LS. We suggest that the eruption of the volcano Raikoke in June 2019, which emitted about 1 Tg SO2 into the stratosphere in northern idlatitudes, caused these enhancements, in addition to Siberian and Canadian wildfires and other minor volcanic eruptions. Our measurements can help to test models and lead to new insights in the distribution of sulfur compounds in the UTLS, their sources, and sinks. Moreover, these results can contribute to improving simulations of the radiation budget in the UTLS with respect to sulfur effects. Article in Journal/Newspaper North Atlantic Gutenberg Open Science (Open-Science-Repository of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz) Bluesky ENVELOPE(-118.236,-118.236,56.067,56.067) |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Gutenberg Open Science (Open-Science-Repository of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz) |
op_collection_id |
ftunivmainzpubl |
language |
English |
topic |
ddc:540 ddc:550 ddc:624 ddc:660 |
spellingShingle |
ddc:540 ddc:550 ddc:624 ddc:660 Tomsche, Laura Marsing, Andreas Jurkat-Witschas, Tina Lucke, Johannes Kaufmann, Stefan Kaiser, Katharina Schneider, Johannes Scheibe, Monika Schlager, Hans Röder, Lenard Fischer, Horst Obersteiner, Florian Zahn, Andreas Zöger, Martin Lelieveld, Jos Voigt, Christiane Enhanced sulfur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring 2020 |
topic_facet |
ddc:540 ddc:550 ddc:624 ddc:660 |
description |
Sulfur compounds in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) impact the atmosphere radiation budget, either directly as particles or indirectly as precursor gas for new particle formation. In situ measurements in the UTLS are rare but are important to better understand the impact of the sulfur budget on climate. The BLUESKY mission in May and June 2020 explored an unprecedented situation. (1) The UTLS experienced extraordinary dry conditions in spring 2020 over Europe, in comparison to previous years, and (2) the first lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic caused major emission reductions from industry, ground, and airborne transportation. With the two research aircraft HALO and Falcon, 20 flights were conducted over central Europe and the North Atlantic to investigate the atmospheric composition with respect to trace gases, aerosol, and clouds. Here, we focus on measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate sulfate (SO2????4 ) in the altitude range of 8 to 14.5 km which show unexpectedly enhanced mixing ratios of SO2 in the upper troposphere and of SO2????4 in the lowermost stratosphere. In the UT, we find SO2 mixing ratios of (0:07 0:01) ppb, caused by the remaining air traffic, and reduced SO2 sinks due to low OH and low cloud fractions and to a minor extent by uplift from boundary layer sources. Particulate sulfate showed elevated mixing ratios of up to 0.33 ppb in the LS. We suggest that the eruption of the volcano Raikoke in June 2019, which emitted about 1 Tg SO2 into the stratosphere in northern idlatitudes, caused these enhancements, in addition to Siberian and Canadian wildfires and other minor volcanic eruptions. Our measurements can help to test models and lead to new insights in the distribution of sulfur compounds in the UTLS, their sources, and sinks. Moreover, these results can contribute to improving simulations of the radiation budget in the UTLS with respect to sulfur effects. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Tomsche, Laura Marsing, Andreas Jurkat-Witschas, Tina Lucke, Johannes Kaufmann, Stefan Kaiser, Katharina Schneider, Johannes Scheibe, Monika Schlager, Hans Röder, Lenard Fischer, Horst Obersteiner, Florian Zahn, Andreas Zöger, Martin Lelieveld, Jos Voigt, Christiane |
author_facet |
Tomsche, Laura Marsing, Andreas Jurkat-Witschas, Tina Lucke, Johannes Kaufmann, Stefan Kaiser, Katharina Schneider, Johannes Scheibe, Monika Schlager, Hans Röder, Lenard Fischer, Horst Obersteiner, Florian Zahn, Andreas Zöger, Martin Lelieveld, Jos Voigt, Christiane |
author_sort |
Tomsche, Laura |
title |
Enhanced sulfur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring 2020 |
title_short |
Enhanced sulfur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring 2020 |
title_full |
Enhanced sulfur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring 2020 |
title_fullStr |
Enhanced sulfur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring 2020 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Enhanced sulfur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring 2020 |
title_sort |
enhanced sulfur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring 2020 |
publisher |
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://openscience.ub.uni-mainz.de/handle/20.500.12030/8851 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12030/8851 https://doi.org/10.25358/openscience-8835 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-118.236,-118.236,56.067,56.067) |
geographic |
Bluesky |
geographic_facet |
Bluesky |
genre |
North Atlantic |
genre_facet |
North Atlantic |
op_source |
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 22. -. 2022. 15135. 15151. - |
op_relation |
http://doi.org/10.25358/openscience-8835 https://openscience.ub.uni-mainz.de/handle/20.500.12030/8851 1680-7375 |
op_rights |
CC BY https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ openAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/20.500.12030/885110.25358/openscience-8835 |
_version_ |
1787426798836908032 |