Accuracy of Manual Snow Sampling, Depending on the Sampler’s Cross-Section—A Comparative Study

• Main Authors: Kaasik, Marko, Meinander, Outi, Leppänen, Leena, Anttila, Kati, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Ginnerup, Anders, Hampinen, Timo, Liu, Yijing, Gunnarsson, Andri, Langley, Kirsty, Arslan, Ali Nadir
• Other Authors: orcid:0000-0001-6608-3951, orcid:0000-0003-1605-8306, orcid:0000-0003-1256-0163, Ilmatieteen laitos, Finnish Meteorological Institute
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2023
• Subjects: snow; measurement; snow cover; sampling (inspection); depth; samples; measuring methods; ice; lumi; mittaus; lumipeite; näytteeonotto; syvyys; näytteet; mittausmenetelmät; jää; Greenland; Sodankylä; Iceland
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10138/567477

Snow sampling, either by inserting a tube through the entire snowpack or by taking samples from the vertical profile, is widely applied to measure the snow depth, density, and snow water equivalent (SWE). A comparative study of snow-sampling methods was carried out on 24 March 2022 in Sodankylä, Finland. Six groups from five countries (Estonia, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, and Sweden) participated, using 12 different snow samplers, including 9 bulk tube samplers and 3 density cutters. The cross-sectional area of the SWE samplers varied from 11 to 100 cm2, while tube length varied from 30 cm to 100 cm. The cross-sectional area of the density profile cutters varied from 100 cm2 to 200 cm2 and the vertical sampling step varied from 5 cm to 10 cm. The samples were taken from snow pits in 55–65-centimeter-deep snow cover in a flat area with sparse pine trees, with the pits at a maximum distance of 10 m from each other. Each tube sampling series consisted of 3–10 vertical columns to ensure statistical validation. The snowpack was relatively soft, with two moderately hard crust layers. The density recorded in the tube sample measurements varied from 218 to 265 kgm−3. The measurement results of SWE, however, varied depending on the sampling equipment used, ranging from 148 to 180 kgm−2, with two outliers of 77 and 106 kgm−2, both with 11 cm2 samplers.