Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers : Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving
Introduction Technical diving is very popular in Finland throughout the year despite diving conditions being challenging, especially due to arctic water and poor visibility. Cold water, immersion, submersion, hyperoxia, as well as psychological and physiological stress, all have an effect on the aut...
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ftunivhelsihelda:oai:helda.helsinki.fi:10138/330977 2024-01-07T09:41:37+01:00 Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers : Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving Lundell, Richard V. Tuominen, Laura Ojanen, Tommi Parkkola, Kai Räisänen-Sokolowski, Anne HUSLAB Department of Pathology Staff Services University of Helsinki Helsinki University Hospital Area 2021-06-15T08:02:01Z 8 application/pdf http://hdl.handle.net/10138/330977 eng eng Frontiers Media 10.3389/fphys.2021.649319 The Finnish Defense Forces Center of Military Medicine and the Finnish Society of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine (Suomen sukellus-ja ylipainelaaketieteellinen yhdistys ry) have both given financial support for breathing gas and other expenses at the data gathering phase of the study. Lundell , R V , Tuominen , L , Ojanen , T , Parkkola , K & Räisänen-Sokolowski , A 2021 , ' Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers : Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving ' , Frontiers in Physiology , vol. 12 , 649319 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.649319 9408c2c1-43f8-4c32-9629-d7af3639465d http://hdl.handle.net/10138/330977 000641709300001 cc_by openAccess info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess HRV cold diving Arctic diving diving response rebreather diving diving reflex technical diving 1184 Genetics developmental biology physiology Article publishedVersion 2021 ftunivhelsihelda 2023-12-14T00:05:14Z Introduction Technical diving is very popular in Finland throughout the year despite diving conditions being challenging, especially due to arctic water and poor visibility. Cold water, immersion, submersion, hyperoxia, as well as psychological and physiological stress, all have an effect on the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Materials and methods To evaluate divers' ANS responses, short-term (5 min) heart rate variability (HRV) during dives in 2-4 degrees C water was measured. HRV resting values were evaluated from separate measurements before and after the dives. Twenty-six experienced closed circuit rebreather (CCR) divers performed an identical 45-meter decompression dive with a non-physical task requiring concentration at the bottom depth. Results Activity of the ANS branches was evaluated with the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) indexes of the Kubios HRV Standard program. Compared to resting values, PNS activity decreased significantly on immersion with face out of water. From immersion, it increased significantly with facial immersion, just before decompression and just before surfacing. Compared to resting values, SNS activity increased significantly on immersion with face out of water. Face in water and submersion measures did not differ from the immersion measure. After these measurements, SNS activity decreased significantly over time. Conclusion Our study indicates that the trigeminocardiac part of the diving reflex causes the strong initial PNS activation at the beginning of the dive but the reaction seems to decrease quickly. After this initial activation, cold seemed to be the most prominent promoter of PNS activity - not pressure. Also, our study showed a concurrent increase in both SNS and PNS branches, which has been associated with an elevated risk for arrhythmia. Therefore, we recommend a short adaptation phase at the beginning of cold-water diving before physical activity. Peer reviewed Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic HELDA – University of Helsinki Open Repository Arctic Frontiers in Physiology 12 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
HELDA – University of Helsinki Open Repository |
op_collection_id |
ftunivhelsihelda |
language |
English |
topic |
HRV cold diving Arctic diving diving response rebreather diving diving reflex technical diving 1184 Genetics developmental biology physiology |
spellingShingle |
HRV cold diving Arctic diving diving response rebreather diving diving reflex technical diving 1184 Genetics developmental biology physiology Lundell, Richard V. Tuominen, Laura Ojanen, Tommi Parkkola, Kai Räisänen-Sokolowski, Anne Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers : Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving |
topic_facet |
HRV cold diving Arctic diving diving response rebreather diving diving reflex technical diving 1184 Genetics developmental biology physiology |
description |
Introduction Technical diving is very popular in Finland throughout the year despite diving conditions being challenging, especially due to arctic water and poor visibility. Cold water, immersion, submersion, hyperoxia, as well as psychological and physiological stress, all have an effect on the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Materials and methods To evaluate divers' ANS responses, short-term (5 min) heart rate variability (HRV) during dives in 2-4 degrees C water was measured. HRV resting values were evaluated from separate measurements before and after the dives. Twenty-six experienced closed circuit rebreather (CCR) divers performed an identical 45-meter decompression dive with a non-physical task requiring concentration at the bottom depth. Results Activity of the ANS branches was evaluated with the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) indexes of the Kubios HRV Standard program. Compared to resting values, PNS activity decreased significantly on immersion with face out of water. From immersion, it increased significantly with facial immersion, just before decompression and just before surfacing. Compared to resting values, SNS activity increased significantly on immersion with face out of water. Face in water and submersion measures did not differ from the immersion measure. After these measurements, SNS activity decreased significantly over time. Conclusion Our study indicates that the trigeminocardiac part of the diving reflex causes the strong initial PNS activation at the beginning of the dive but the reaction seems to decrease quickly. After this initial activation, cold seemed to be the most prominent promoter of PNS activity - not pressure. Also, our study showed a concurrent increase in both SNS and PNS branches, which has been associated with an elevated risk for arrhythmia. Therefore, we recommend a short adaptation phase at the beginning of cold-water diving before physical activity. Peer reviewed |
author2 |
HUSLAB Department of Pathology Staff Services University of Helsinki Helsinki University Hospital Area |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Lundell, Richard V. Tuominen, Laura Ojanen, Tommi Parkkola, Kai Räisänen-Sokolowski, Anne |
author_facet |
Lundell, Richard V. Tuominen, Laura Ojanen, Tommi Parkkola, Kai Räisänen-Sokolowski, Anne |
author_sort |
Lundell, Richard V. |
title |
Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers : Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving |
title_short |
Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers : Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving |
title_full |
Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers : Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving |
title_fullStr |
Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers : Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving |
title_full_unstemmed |
Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers : Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving |
title_sort |
diving responses in experienced rebreather divers : short-term heart rate variability in cold water diving |
publisher |
Frontiers Media |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10138/330977 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_relation |
10.3389/fphys.2021.649319 The Finnish Defense Forces Center of Military Medicine and the Finnish Society of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine (Suomen sukellus-ja ylipainelaaketieteellinen yhdistys ry) have both given financial support for breathing gas and other expenses at the data gathering phase of the study. Lundell , R V , Tuominen , L , Ojanen , T , Parkkola , K & Räisänen-Sokolowski , A 2021 , ' Diving Responses in Experienced Rebreather Divers : Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Cold Water Diving ' , Frontiers in Physiology , vol. 12 , 649319 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.649319 9408c2c1-43f8-4c32-9629-d7af3639465d http://hdl.handle.net/10138/330977 000641709300001 |
op_rights |
cc_by openAccess info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
container_title |
Frontiers in Physiology |
container_volume |
12 |
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1787422416132112384 |