Seismic Tomography and Earthquake Mechanism Beneath the Central Fennoscandian Shield

• Main Author: Hyvönen, Tellervo
• Other Authors: Gregersen, Sören, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Institute of Seismology, University of Helsinki, Helsingin yliopisto, matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta, fysiikan laitos, Helsingfors universitet, matematisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för fysik, Heikkinen, Pekka, Pesonen, Lauri
• Format: Doctoral or Postdoctoral Thesis
• Language: English
• Published: Helsingin yliopisto 2010
• Subjects: geofysiikka; Barents Sea; White Sea; Kola Peninsula; Norway; Tornio; Kuusamo; Fennoscandian; Finnmark; kola peninsula; North Atlantic
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10138/23328

The aim of this thesis was to study the seismic tomography structure of the earth s crust together with earthquake distribution and mechanism beneath the central Fennoscandian Shield, mainly in southern and central Finland. The earthquake foci and some fault plane solutions are correlated with 3-D images of the velocity tomography. The results are discussed in relation to the stress field of the Shield and with other geophysical, e.g. geomagnetic, gravimetric, tectonic, and anisotropy studies of the Shield. The earthquake data of the Fennoscandian Shield has been extracted from the Nordic earthquake parameter data base which was founded at the time of inception of the earthquake catalogue for northern Europe. Eight earlier earthquake source mechanisms are included in a pilot study on creating a novel technique for calculating an earthquake fault plane solution. Altogether, eleven source mechanisms of shallow, weak earthquakes are related in the 3-D tomography model to trace stresses of the crust in southern and central Finland. The earthquakes in the eastern part of the Fennoscandian Shield represent low-active, intraplate seismicity. Earthquake mechanisms with NW-SE oriented horizontal compression confirm that the dominant stress field originates from the ridge-push force in the North Atlantic Ocean. Earthquakes accumulate in coastal areas, in intersections of tectonic lineaments, in main fault zones or are bordered by fault lines. The majority of Fennoscandian earthquakes concentrate on the south-western Shield in southern Norway and Sweden. Onwards, epicentres spread via the ridge of the Shield along the west-coast of the Gulf of Bothnia northwards along the Tornio River - Finnmark fault system to the Barents Sea, and branch out north-eastwards via the Kuusamo region to the White Sea Kola Peninsula faults. The local seismic tomographic method was applied to find the terrane distribution within the central parts of the Shield the Svecofennian Orogen. From 300 local explosions a total of 19765 crustal Pg- and ...