Current use organohalogen contaminant distributions in seawater and trophodynamics in marine and terrestrial food chains of the Canadian Arctic

• Main Author: Morris, Adam David
• Other Authors: Solomon, Keith
• Format: Thesis
• Language: English
• Published: University of Guelph
• Subjects: Canada; Organohalogen contaminants; Bioaccumulation; Biomagnification; Arctic; Marine; Terrestrial; Food chain; Trophic dilution; Trophic magnification; Stable isotopes; dietary tracers; ecological relationships; ecology; Nunavut; Northwest Territories; Nona; Rae; Canis lupus; Pusa hispida; Rangifer tarandus; ringed seal; Ursus maritimus
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10214/9221

This is a PhD thesis studying a broad range of contaminants in Canadian Arctic ecosystems and food chains. This thesis investigated the concentrations and bioaccumulation of current use organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) in the Canadian Arctic. Current use pesticides (CUPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and alternative halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) were measured in seawater, and their bioaccumulation processes in polar bear (Ursus maritimus)-ringed seal (Pusa hispida) food chains in three locations across Nunavut (Canada) were assessed. Their bioaccumulation was also evaluated throughout the Arctic wolf (Canis lupus) food chain in the Bathurst Region of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Concentrations of OHCs in the terrestrial and marine organisms were relatively similar (low to sub ng g-1 lipid weight). Volumetric bioconcentration factors (BCFv) and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) indicated effective uptake of the CUPs, PBDEs and some alternative HFRs by terrestrial and marine organisms. Biomagnification of some octaBDEs, the nona–decaBDEs and total PBDEs (PBDE) was evident in wolves and caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus), and these compounds (with BDE28/33 and the HFR) underwent a small degree of trophic magnification in that food chain [trophic magnification factors (TMFs) = 1.3–2.1]. The CUPs had very limited biomagnification, and along with the alternative HFRs, all underwent trophic dilution (decreasing concentrations with increasing trophic level) through the terrestrial food chain. In seawater, CUPs, PBDEs and select alternative HFRs were detected at low pg L-1 concentrations. In the marine food chains, there was differential biomagnification of chlorothalonil, -endosulfan and -endosulfan in polar bears (BMFs >1 in some locations). All other significant BMFs for CUPs across the three locations were in lower TL interactions (e.g., plankton:algae). Only two PBDEs (BDE17 and BDE154) exhibited any biomagnification in ringed seals, at Barrow and Rae Straits alone. At ...