Aerosol and Solar Irradiance Effects on Decadal Climate Variability and Predictability

• Published in: Current Climate Change Reports
• Main Author: Zanchettin, Davide
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: 2017
• Subjects: Climate mode; Climate reconstruction; Coupled climate model; Decadal climate variability; Forced decadal variability; Solar cycle; Tropospheric aerosol; Volcanic aerosol; Volcanic forcing; Global and Planetary Change; Atmospheric Science; Settore GEO/12 - Oceanografia e Fisica dell'Atmosfera; Pacific; North Atlantic
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10278/3704760; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-017-0065-y; https://rd.springer.com/journal/40641

The expanding interest in decadal climate variability, predictability, and prediction highlights the importance of understanding the sources and mechanisms of decadal and interdecadal climate fluctuations. The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical review of our current understanding of externally forced decadal climate variability. In particular, proposed mechanisms determining decadal climate responses to variations in solar activity, stratospheric volcanic aerosols, and natural as well as anthropogenic tropospheric aerosols are discussed, both separately and in a unified framework. The review suggests that the excitation of internal modes of interdecadal climate variability, particularly centered in the Pacific and North Atlantic sectors, remains a paradigm to characterize externally forced decadal climate variability and to interpret the associated dynamics. Significant recent advancements are the improved understanding of the critical dependency of volcanically forced decadal climate variability on the relative phase of ongoing internal variability and on additional external perturbations, and the recognition that associated uncertainty may represent a serious obstacle to identifying the climatic consequences even of very strong eruptions. Particularly relevant is also the recent development of hypotheses about potential mechanisms (reemergence and synchronization) underlying solar forced decadal climate variability. Finally, outstanding issues and, hence, major opportunities for progress regarding externally forced decadal climate variability are discussed. Uncertain characterization of forcing and climate histories, imperfect implementation of complex forcings in climate models, limited understanding of the internal component of interdecadal climate variability, and poor quality of its simulation are some of the enduring critical obstacles on which to progress. It is suggested that much further understanding can be gained through identification and investigation of relevant periods of forced ...