Naturalized alien flora of the world.
Using the recently built Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database, containing data on the distribution of naturalized alien plants in 483 mainland and 361 island regions of the world, we describe patterns in diversity and geographic distribution of naturalized and invasive plant species, tax...
Published in: | Preslia |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | unknown |
Published: |
Czech Botanical Society
2017
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://dro.dur.ac.uk/22625/ http://dro.dur.ac.uk/22625/1/22625.pdf https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2017.203 |
id |
ftunivdurham:oai:dro.dur.ac.uk.OAI2:22625 |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Durham University: Durham Research Online |
op_collection_id |
ftunivdurham |
language |
unknown |
description |
Using the recently built Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database, containing data on the distribution of naturalized alien plants in 483 mainland and 361 island regions of the world, we describe patterns in diversity and geographic distribution of naturalized and invasive plant species, taxonomic, phylogenetic and life-history structure of the global naturalized flora as well as levels of naturalization and their determinants. The mainland regions with the highest numbers of naturalized aliens are some Australian states (with New South Wales being the richest on this continent) and several North American regions (of which California with 1753 naturalized plant species represents the world’s richest region in terms of naturalized alien vascular plants). England, Japan, New Zealand and the Hawaiian archipelago harbour most naturalized plants among islands or island groups. These regions also form the main hotspots of the regional levels of naturalization, measured as the percentage of naturalized aliens in the total flora of the region. Such hotspots of relative naturalized species richness appear on both the western and eastern coasts of North America, in north-western Europe, South Africa, south-eastern Australia, New Zealand, and India. High levels of island invasions by naturalized plants are concentrated in the Pacific, but also occur on individual islands across all oceans. The numbers of naturalized species are closely correlated with those of native species, with a stronger correlation and steeper increase for islands than mainland regions, indicating a greater vulnerability of islands to invasion by species that become successfully naturalized. South Africa, India, California, Cuba, Florida, Queensland and Japan have the highest numbers of invasive species. Regions in temperate and tropical zonobiomes harbour in total 9036 and 6774 naturalized species, respectively, followed by 3280 species naturalized in the Mediterranean zonobiome, 3057 in the subtropical zonobiome and 321 in the Arctic. The New World is richer in naturalized alien plants, with 9905 species compared to 7923 recorded in the Old World. While isolation is the key factor driving the level of naturalization on islands, zonobiomes differing in climatic regimes, and socioeconomy represented by per capita GDP, are central for mainland regions. The 11 most widely distributed species each occur in regions covering about one third of the globe or more in terms of the number of regions where they are naturalized and at least 35% of the Earth’s land surface in terms of those regions’ areas, with the most widely distributed species Sonchus oleraceus occuring in 48% of the regions that cover 42% of the world area. Other widely distributed species are Ricinus communis, Oxalis corniculata, Portulaca oleracea, Eleusine indica, Chenopodium album, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Stellaria media, Bidens pilosa, Datura stramonium and Echinochloa crus-galli. Using the occurrence as invasive rather than only naturalized yields a different ranking, with Lantana camara (120 regions out of 349 for which data on invasive status are known), Calotropis procera (118), Eichhornia crassipes (113), Sonchus oleraceus (108) and Leucaena leucocephala (103) on top. As to the life-history spectra, islands harbour more naturalized woody species (34.4%) thanmainland regions (29.5%), and fewer annual herbs (18.7% compared to 22.3%). Ranking families by their absolute numbers of naturalized species reveals that Compositae (1343 species), Poaceae (1267) and Leguminosae (1189) contribute most to the global naturalized alien flora. Some families are disproportionally represented by naturalized aliens on islands (Arecaceae, Araceae, Acanthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae, Convolvulaceae, Rubiaceae, Malvaceae), and much fewer so on mainland (e.g. Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Boraginaceae). Relating the numbers of naturalized species in a family to its total global richness shows that some of the large species-rich families are over-represented among naturalized aliens (e.g. Poaceae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Amaranthaceae, Pinaceae), some under-represented (e.g. Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae), whereas the one richest in naturalized species, Compositae, reaches a value expected from its global species richness. Significant phylogenetic signal indicates that families with an increased potential of their species to naturalize are not distributed randomly on the evolutionary tree. Solanum (112 species), Euphorbia (108) and Carex (106) are the genera richest in terms of naturalized species; over-represented on islands are Cotoneaster, Juncus, Eucalyptus, Salix, Hypericum, Geranium and Persicaria, while those relatively richer in naturalized species on the mainland are Atriplex, Opuntia, Oenothera, Artemisia, Vicia, Galium and Rosa. The data presented in this paper also point to where information is lacking and set priorities for future data collection. The GloNAF database has potential for designing concerted action to fill such data gaps, and provide a basis for allocating resources most efficiently towards better understanding and management of plant invasions worldwide. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Pyšek, Petr Pergl, Jan Essl, Franz Lenzner, Bernd Dawson, Wayne Kreft, Holger Weigelt, Patrick Winter, Marten Kartesz, John Nishino, Misako Antonova, Liubov A. Barcelona, Julie F. Cabesaz, Francisco J. Cárdenas, Dairon Cárdenas-Toro, Juliana Castaño, Nicolás Chacón, Eduardo Chatelain, Cyrille Dullinger, Stefan Ebel, Aleksandr L. Figueiredo, Estrela Fuentes, Nicol Genovesi, Piero Groom, Quentin J. Henderson, Lesley Inderjit, Kupriyanov, Andrey Masciadri, Silvana Maurel, Noëlie Meerman, Jan Morozova, Olga Moser, Dietmar Nickrent, Daniel Nowak, Pauline M. Pagad, Shyama Patzelt, Annette Pelser, Pieter B. Seebens, Hanno Shu, Wen-sheng Thomas, Jacob Velayos, Mauricio Weber, Ewald Wieringa, Jan J. Baptiste, María P. Kleunen, Mark van |
spellingShingle |
Pyšek, Petr Pergl, Jan Essl, Franz Lenzner, Bernd Dawson, Wayne Kreft, Holger Weigelt, Patrick Winter, Marten Kartesz, John Nishino, Misako Antonova, Liubov A. Barcelona, Julie F. Cabesaz, Francisco J. Cárdenas, Dairon Cárdenas-Toro, Juliana Castaño, Nicolás Chacón, Eduardo Chatelain, Cyrille Dullinger, Stefan Ebel, Aleksandr L. Figueiredo, Estrela Fuentes, Nicol Genovesi, Piero Groom, Quentin J. Henderson, Lesley Inderjit, Kupriyanov, Andrey Masciadri, Silvana Maurel, Noëlie Meerman, Jan Morozova, Olga Moser, Dietmar Nickrent, Daniel Nowak, Pauline M. Pagad, Shyama Patzelt, Annette Pelser, Pieter B. Seebens, Hanno Shu, Wen-sheng Thomas, Jacob Velayos, Mauricio Weber, Ewald Wieringa, Jan J. Baptiste, María P. Kleunen, Mark van Naturalized alien flora of the world. |
author_facet |
Pyšek, Petr Pergl, Jan Essl, Franz Lenzner, Bernd Dawson, Wayne Kreft, Holger Weigelt, Patrick Winter, Marten Kartesz, John Nishino, Misako Antonova, Liubov A. Barcelona, Julie F. Cabesaz, Francisco J. Cárdenas, Dairon Cárdenas-Toro, Juliana Castaño, Nicolás Chacón, Eduardo Chatelain, Cyrille Dullinger, Stefan Ebel, Aleksandr L. Figueiredo, Estrela Fuentes, Nicol Genovesi, Piero Groom, Quentin J. Henderson, Lesley Inderjit, Kupriyanov, Andrey Masciadri, Silvana Maurel, Noëlie Meerman, Jan Morozova, Olga Moser, Dietmar Nickrent, Daniel Nowak, Pauline M. Pagad, Shyama Patzelt, Annette Pelser, Pieter B. Seebens, Hanno Shu, Wen-sheng Thomas, Jacob Velayos, Mauricio Weber, Ewald Wieringa, Jan J. Baptiste, María P. Kleunen, Mark van |
author_sort |
Pyšek, Petr |
title |
Naturalized alien flora of the world. |
title_short |
Naturalized alien flora of the world. |
title_full |
Naturalized alien flora of the world. |
title_fullStr |
Naturalized alien flora of the world. |
title_full_unstemmed |
Naturalized alien flora of the world. |
title_sort |
naturalized alien flora of the world. |
publisher |
Czech Botanical Society |
publishDate |
2017 |
url |
http://dro.dur.ac.uk/22625/ http://dro.dur.ac.uk/22625/1/22625.pdf https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2017.203 |
geographic |
Arctic New Zealand Pacific Queensland |
geographic_facet |
Arctic New Zealand Pacific Queensland |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_source |
Preslia, 2017, Vol.89(3), pp.203-274 [Peer Reviewed Journal] |
op_relation |
dro:22625 issn:0032-7786 doi:10.23855/preslia.2017.203 http://dro.dur.ac.uk/22625/ https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2017.203 http://dro.dur.ac.uk/22625/1/22625.pdf |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2017.203 |
container_title |
Preslia |
container_volume |
89 |
container_issue |
3 |
container_start_page |
203 |
op_container_end_page |
274 |
_version_ |
1766350627707813888 |
spelling |
ftunivdurham:oai:dro.dur.ac.uk.OAI2:22625 2023-05-15T15:20:22+02:00 Naturalized alien flora of the world. Pyšek, Petr Pergl, Jan Essl, Franz Lenzner, Bernd Dawson, Wayne Kreft, Holger Weigelt, Patrick Winter, Marten Kartesz, John Nishino, Misako Antonova, Liubov A. Barcelona, Julie F. Cabesaz, Francisco J. Cárdenas, Dairon Cárdenas-Toro, Juliana Castaño, Nicolás Chacón, Eduardo Chatelain, Cyrille Dullinger, Stefan Ebel, Aleksandr L. Figueiredo, Estrela Fuentes, Nicol Genovesi, Piero Groom, Quentin J. Henderson, Lesley Inderjit, Kupriyanov, Andrey Masciadri, Silvana Maurel, Noëlie Meerman, Jan Morozova, Olga Moser, Dietmar Nickrent, Daniel Nowak, Pauline M. Pagad, Shyama Patzelt, Annette Pelser, Pieter B. Seebens, Hanno Shu, Wen-sheng Thomas, Jacob Velayos, Mauricio Weber, Ewald Wieringa, Jan J. Baptiste, María P. Kleunen, Mark van 2017-07-12 application/pdf http://dro.dur.ac.uk/22625/ http://dro.dur.ac.uk/22625/1/22625.pdf https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2017.203 unknown Czech Botanical Society dro:22625 issn:0032-7786 doi:10.23855/preslia.2017.203 http://dro.dur.ac.uk/22625/ https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2017.203 http://dro.dur.ac.uk/22625/1/22625.pdf Preslia, 2017, Vol.89(3), pp.203-274 [Peer Reviewed Journal] Article PeerReviewed 2017 ftunivdurham https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2017.203 2020-05-28T22:38:01Z Using the recently built Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database, containing data on the distribution of naturalized alien plants in 483 mainland and 361 island regions of the world, we describe patterns in diversity and geographic distribution of naturalized and invasive plant species, taxonomic, phylogenetic and life-history structure of the global naturalized flora as well as levels of naturalization and their determinants. The mainland regions with the highest numbers of naturalized aliens are some Australian states (with New South Wales being the richest on this continent) and several North American regions (of which California with 1753 naturalized plant species represents the world’s richest region in terms of naturalized alien vascular plants). England, Japan, New Zealand and the Hawaiian archipelago harbour most naturalized plants among islands or island groups. These regions also form the main hotspots of the regional levels of naturalization, measured as the percentage of naturalized aliens in the total flora of the region. Such hotspots of relative naturalized species richness appear on both the western and eastern coasts of North America, in north-western Europe, South Africa, south-eastern Australia, New Zealand, and India. High levels of island invasions by naturalized plants are concentrated in the Pacific, but also occur on individual islands across all oceans. The numbers of naturalized species are closely correlated with those of native species, with a stronger correlation and steeper increase for islands than mainland regions, indicating a greater vulnerability of islands to invasion by species that become successfully naturalized. South Africa, India, California, Cuba, Florida, Queensland and Japan have the highest numbers of invasive species. Regions in temperate and tropical zonobiomes harbour in total 9036 and 6774 naturalized species, respectively, followed by 3280 species naturalized in the Mediterranean zonobiome, 3057 in the subtropical zonobiome and 321 in the Arctic. The New World is richer in naturalized alien plants, with 9905 species compared to 7923 recorded in the Old World. While isolation is the key factor driving the level of naturalization on islands, zonobiomes differing in climatic regimes, and socioeconomy represented by per capita GDP, are central for mainland regions. The 11 most widely distributed species each occur in regions covering about one third of the globe or more in terms of the number of regions where they are naturalized and at least 35% of the Earth’s land surface in terms of those regions’ areas, with the most widely distributed species Sonchus oleraceus occuring in 48% of the regions that cover 42% of the world area. Other widely distributed species are Ricinus communis, Oxalis corniculata, Portulaca oleracea, Eleusine indica, Chenopodium album, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Stellaria media, Bidens pilosa, Datura stramonium and Echinochloa crus-galli. Using the occurrence as invasive rather than only naturalized yields a different ranking, with Lantana camara (120 regions out of 349 for which data on invasive status are known), Calotropis procera (118), Eichhornia crassipes (113), Sonchus oleraceus (108) and Leucaena leucocephala (103) on top. As to the life-history spectra, islands harbour more naturalized woody species (34.4%) thanmainland regions (29.5%), and fewer annual herbs (18.7% compared to 22.3%). Ranking families by their absolute numbers of naturalized species reveals that Compositae (1343 species), Poaceae (1267) and Leguminosae (1189) contribute most to the global naturalized alien flora. Some families are disproportionally represented by naturalized aliens on islands (Arecaceae, Araceae, Acanthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae, Convolvulaceae, Rubiaceae, Malvaceae), and much fewer so on mainland (e.g. Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Boraginaceae). Relating the numbers of naturalized species in a family to its total global richness shows that some of the large species-rich families are over-represented among naturalized aliens (e.g. Poaceae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Amaranthaceae, Pinaceae), some under-represented (e.g. Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae), whereas the one richest in naturalized species, Compositae, reaches a value expected from its global species richness. Significant phylogenetic signal indicates that families with an increased potential of their species to naturalize are not distributed randomly on the evolutionary tree. Solanum (112 species), Euphorbia (108) and Carex (106) are the genera richest in terms of naturalized species; over-represented on islands are Cotoneaster, Juncus, Eucalyptus, Salix, Hypericum, Geranium and Persicaria, while those relatively richer in naturalized species on the mainland are Atriplex, Opuntia, Oenothera, Artemisia, Vicia, Galium and Rosa. The data presented in this paper also point to where information is lacking and set priorities for future data collection. The GloNAF database has potential for designing concerted action to fill such data gaps, and provide a basis for allocating resources most efficiently towards better understanding and management of plant invasions worldwide. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Durham University: Durham Research Online Arctic New Zealand Pacific Queensland Preslia 89 3 203 274 |