The 2019 southern hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex weakening and its impacts

• Published in: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
• Main Authors: Lim, Eun-Pa, Hendon, Harry H., Butler, Amy H., Thompson, David W. J., Lawrence, Zachary D., Scaife, Adam A., Shepherd, Theodore G., Polichtchouk, Inna, Nakamura, Hisashi, Kobayashi, Chiaki, Comer, Ruth, Coy, Lawrence, Dowdy, Andrew, Garreaud Salazar, René Darío, Newman, Paul A., Wang, Guomin
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Amer Meteorological 2021
• Subjects: Antarctic Oscillation; Planetary waves; Stratospheric circulation; Extreme events; Stratosphere-troposphere coupling; Climate prediction; Antarctic; Austral; Antarc*; polar night
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0112.1; https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/185814

This study offers an overview of the low-frequency (i.e., monthly to seasonal) evolution, dynamics, predictability, and surface impacts of a rare Southern Hemisphere (SH) stratospheric warming that occurred in austral spring 2019. Between late August and mid-September 2019, the stratospheric circumpolar westerly jet weakened rapidly, and Antarctic stratospheric temperatures rose dramatically. The deceleration of the vortex at 10 hPa was as drastic as that of the first-ever-observed major sudden stratospheric warming in the SH during 2002, while the mean Antarctic warming over the course of spring 2019 broke the previous record of 2002 by similar to 50% in the midstratosphere. This event was preceded by a poleward shift of the SH polar night jet in the uppermost stratosphere in early winter, which was then followed by record-strong planetary wave-1 activity propagating upward from the troposphere in August that acted to dramatically weaken the polar vortex throughout the depth of the stratosphere. The weakened vortex winds and elevated temperatures moved downward to the surface from mid-October to December, promoting a record strong swing of the southern annular mode (SAM) to its negative phase. This record-negative SAM appeared to be a primary driver of the extreme hot and dry conditions over subtropical eastern Australia that accompanied the severe wildfires that occurred in late spring 2019. State-of-the-art dynamical seasonal forecast systems skillfully predicted the significant vortex weakening of spring 2019 and subsequent development of negative SAM from as early as late July. Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Rural R&D for Profit programme National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Geosciences (GEO) Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme - BEIS Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA) NASA's Atmospheric Composition Modeling and Analysis Program Victorian Government (DELWP) Australian Government Department of Industry, Innovation and Science ...