Akimiski Island, Nunavut, Canada: The Use of Cree Oral History and Sea-Level Retrodiction to Resolve Aboriginal Title

• Published in: ARCTIC
• Main Authors: Tsuji, Leonard J.S., General, Zachariah, Tsuji, Stephen R.J., Powell, Evelyn, Latychev, Konstantin, Clark, Jorie, Mitrovica, Jerry X.
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: The Arctic Institute of North America 2020
• Subjects: Aboriginal title; Akimiski Island; Cree oral history; Indigenous knowledge; post-glacial isostatic adjustment; sea-level change modelling; titre ancestral; île Akimiski; histoire orale crie; connaissances autochtones; compensation isostatique postglaciaire; modélisation du changement du niveau de la mer; Nunavut; Canada; Baie James; Akimiski island; Arctic; inuit; inuits; James Bay; Cris
• Online Access: https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/71481

On 1 April 1999, Akimiski Island of the western James Bay region of northern Ontario, Canada, was includedin the newly formed territory of Nunavut, Canada—an Inuit-dominated territory—even though the Inuit had never asserted Aboriginal title to the island. By contrast, the Omushkegowuk Cree of the western James Bay region have asserted Aboriginal title to Akimiski Island. The Government of Canada by their action (or inaction) has reversed the onus of responsibility for proof of Aboriginal title from the Inuit to the Cree. In other words, the Government of Canada did not follow their own guidelines and the common-law test for proof of Aboriginal title. In this paper, we documented and employed Cree oral history as well as a sea-level retrodiction (based on state-of-the-art numerical modeling of past sea-level changes in James Bay), which incorporated a modified ICE-6G ice history and a 3-D model of Earth structure, to establish that criterion 2 of the test for Aboriginal title has now been fully met. In other words, Cree traditional use and occupancy of Akimiski Island was considered sufficiently factual at the time of assertion of sovereignty by European nations. As all the criteria of the common-law test for proof of Aboriginal title in Canada, with respect to Akimiski Island, have now been addressed, the Cree have sufficient basisto initiate the process of a formal land claim. Le 1er avril 1999, l’île Akimiski, située dans la région ouest de la baie James, dans le nord de l’Ontario, au Canada,a été intégrée au nouveau territoire du Nunavut, territoire dominé par les Inuits, même si ceux-ci n’avaient jamais revendiqué le titre ancestral de cette île. En revanche, les Cris omushkegowuk de la région ouest de la baie James ont revendiqué leur titre ancestral à l’égard de l’île Akimiski. Le geste (ou l’absence de geste) du gouvernement du Canada a eu pour effet d’inverser la responsabilité de prouver le titre ancestral des Inuits aux Cris. Autrement dit, le gouvernement du Canada n’a pas respecté ses propres ...