Five Early European Winterings in the Atlantic Arctic (1596-1635): A Comparison
In the late 16th and early 17th century ten English and Dutch winterings took place in northern regions in less than 100 years. The first wintering occurred in 1553, when the ship of the Englishman Hugh Willoughby became frozen in the Arzina River in northern Russia, and the last in this period took...
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The Arctic Institute of North America
1991
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ftunivcalgaryojs:oai:journalhosting.ucalgary.ca:article/64585 2023-05-15T14:19:12+02:00 Five Early European Winterings in the Atlantic Arctic (1596-1635): A Comparison Hacquebord, Louwrens 1991-01-01 application/pdf https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64585 eng eng The Arctic Institute of North America https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64585/48499 https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64585 ARCTIC; Vol. 44 No. 2 (1991): June: 95–175; 146-155 1923-1245 0004-0843 Biological clocks Cold adaptation Exploration History Human bioclimatology Human physiology Hygiene Mental health and well-being Photoperiodism Survival Whaling Arctic regions Novaya Zemlya Russian Federation Svalbard info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion research-article 1991 ftunivcalgaryojs 2022-03-22T21:21:48Z In the late 16th and early 17th century ten English and Dutch winterings took place in northern regions in less than 100 years. The first wintering occurred in 1553, when the ship of the Englishman Hugh Willoughby became frozen in the Arzina River in northern Russia, and the last in this period took place when seven Dutch volunteers were left behind to winter in Smeerenburg in 1634. Between these two, eight other wintering attempts were undertaken. Some of these were involuntary, while others were voluntary and planned. Five of these winterings are here compared with one another to answer the question why some were successful while others failed. Besides the many practical problems, such as extremes of temperature, primitive housing and illness, the winters were confronted with psychological problems caused by isolation, overcrowding, boredom and a strange environment, with unknown noises and light phenomena. For the solution of the practical problems ingenuity and creatively were required and both faith and the daily practice of religion were important in tackling psychological problems and keeping diurnal rhythms going. These rhythms turned out to be very important during the polar night. The wintering group that successfully maintained its diurnal rhythm and remained active during the polar night had the best chance of surviving the polar winter.Key words: Willem Barents, whaling, expeditions, Arctic, Novaya Zemlya, Spitsbergen, Jan Mayen Mots clés: Willem Barents, pêche à la baleine, expéditions, Arctique, Novaya Zemlya, Spitsbergen, Jan Mayen Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Arctic Arctique* Atlantic Arctic Atlantic-Arctic Jan Mayen Novaya Zemlya polar night Smeerenburg Svalbard Spitsbergen University of Calgary Journal Hosting Arctic Baleine ENVELOPE(140.012,140.012,-66.649,-66.649) Jan Mayen la Baleine ENVELOPE(140.012,140.012,-66.649,-66.649) Svalbard Svalbard ENVELOPE(20.000,20.000,78.000,78.000) ARCTIC 44 2 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
University of Calgary Journal Hosting |
op_collection_id |
ftunivcalgaryojs |
language |
English |
topic |
Biological clocks Cold adaptation Exploration History Human bioclimatology Human physiology Hygiene Mental health and well-being Photoperiodism Survival Whaling Arctic regions Novaya Zemlya Russian Federation Svalbard |
spellingShingle |
Biological clocks Cold adaptation Exploration History Human bioclimatology Human physiology Hygiene Mental health and well-being Photoperiodism Survival Whaling Arctic regions Novaya Zemlya Russian Federation Svalbard Hacquebord, Louwrens Five Early European Winterings in the Atlantic Arctic (1596-1635): A Comparison |
topic_facet |
Biological clocks Cold adaptation Exploration History Human bioclimatology Human physiology Hygiene Mental health and well-being Photoperiodism Survival Whaling Arctic regions Novaya Zemlya Russian Federation Svalbard |
description |
In the late 16th and early 17th century ten English and Dutch winterings took place in northern regions in less than 100 years. The first wintering occurred in 1553, when the ship of the Englishman Hugh Willoughby became frozen in the Arzina River in northern Russia, and the last in this period took place when seven Dutch volunteers were left behind to winter in Smeerenburg in 1634. Between these two, eight other wintering attempts were undertaken. Some of these were involuntary, while others were voluntary and planned. Five of these winterings are here compared with one another to answer the question why some were successful while others failed. Besides the many practical problems, such as extremes of temperature, primitive housing and illness, the winters were confronted with psychological problems caused by isolation, overcrowding, boredom and a strange environment, with unknown noises and light phenomena. For the solution of the practical problems ingenuity and creatively were required and both faith and the daily practice of religion were important in tackling psychological problems and keeping diurnal rhythms going. These rhythms turned out to be very important during the polar night. The wintering group that successfully maintained its diurnal rhythm and remained active during the polar night had the best chance of surviving the polar winter.Key words: Willem Barents, whaling, expeditions, Arctic, Novaya Zemlya, Spitsbergen, Jan Mayen Mots clés: Willem Barents, pêche à la baleine, expéditions, Arctique, Novaya Zemlya, Spitsbergen, Jan Mayen |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Hacquebord, Louwrens |
author_facet |
Hacquebord, Louwrens |
author_sort |
Hacquebord, Louwrens |
title |
Five Early European Winterings in the Atlantic Arctic (1596-1635): A Comparison |
title_short |
Five Early European Winterings in the Atlantic Arctic (1596-1635): A Comparison |
title_full |
Five Early European Winterings in the Atlantic Arctic (1596-1635): A Comparison |
title_fullStr |
Five Early European Winterings in the Atlantic Arctic (1596-1635): A Comparison |
title_full_unstemmed |
Five Early European Winterings in the Atlantic Arctic (1596-1635): A Comparison |
title_sort |
five early european winterings in the atlantic arctic (1596-1635): a comparison |
publisher |
The Arctic Institute of North America |
publishDate |
1991 |
url |
https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64585 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(140.012,140.012,-66.649,-66.649) ENVELOPE(140.012,140.012,-66.649,-66.649) ENVELOPE(20.000,20.000,78.000,78.000) |
geographic |
Arctic Baleine Jan Mayen la Baleine Svalbard Svalbard |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Baleine Jan Mayen la Baleine Svalbard Svalbard |
genre |
Arctic Arctic Arctique* Atlantic Arctic Atlantic-Arctic Jan Mayen Novaya Zemlya polar night Smeerenburg Svalbard Spitsbergen |
genre_facet |
Arctic Arctic Arctique* Atlantic Arctic Atlantic-Arctic Jan Mayen Novaya Zemlya polar night Smeerenburg Svalbard Spitsbergen |
op_source |
ARCTIC; Vol. 44 No. 2 (1991): June: 95–175; 146-155 1923-1245 0004-0843 |
op_relation |
https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64585/48499 https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64585 |
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ARCTIC |
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44 |
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