Strategies of Survival in Plants of the Fennoscandian Tundra
Many arctic species originated outside the Arctic and some of their physiological responses are similar to those in temperate latitudes. Unique adaptations to the Arctic have rarely been found. The recent influx of other species has, however, broken down reproductive barriers and gene flow has been...
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1991
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ftunivcalgaryojs:oai:journalhosting.ucalgary.ca:article/64579 2023-05-15T14:19:12+02:00 Strategies of Survival in Plants of the Fennoscandian Tundra Sonesson, Mats Callaghan, Terry V. 1991-01-01 application/pdf https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64579 eng eng The Arctic Institute of North America https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64579/48493 https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64579 ARCTIC; Vol. 44 No. 2 (1991): June: 95–175; 95-105 1923-1245 0004-0843 Animal ecology Animal food Cold adaptation Effects of climate on plants Evolution (Biology) Plant distribution Plants (Biology) Predation Tundra ecology Winter ecology Scandinavia info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion research-article 1991 ftunivcalgaryojs 2022-03-22T21:21:48Z Many arctic species originated outside the Arctic and some of their physiological responses are similar to those in temperate latitudes. Unique adaptations to the Arctic have rarely been found. The recent influx of other species has, however, broken down reproductive barriers and gene flow has been stimulated. In extreme arctic environments, selection forces driving evolution are mainly of the physical environment and plant interactions are positive. Elsewhere, biotic factors, such as herbivory, are important and plant interactions become negative through competition. Physical selective forces operate in winter and summer. Low winter temperatures rarely affect arctic plants, but snow depth and duration influence species distributions. Deep and persistent snow deforms plants and limits the period of resource acquisition. Cryptogams are common in such snow beds. Little or no snow cover exposes plants to abrasion by wind-blown particles and desiccation. In such fell-field sites, deciduous species and xerophytes, such as evergreen cushion plants, are common. Arctic summers are short and developmental processes are extended beyond one growing season, with perennials predominating. Cushion plants efficiently increase their temperatures above ambient, while evergreen and deciduous ericaceous dwarf shrubs coexist and have complementary strategies for intercepting radiation in a low canopy. Tundra soils are generally infertile and may be disturbed by freeze/thaw cycles. Nutrients are conserved by cycling within shoots and between ramets within clones. Vegetative proliferation enhances the survival of young ramets, while physiological integration between ramets enables young ramets to forage across patchy environments. Negative plant-animal relationships are particularly important in the Subarctic. Periodic infestation of moth caterpillars defoliate large areas of mountain birch and stimulate increases in populations of their predators. Periodic population peaks of small rodents graze or kill much vegetation and they may moderate the dynamic structure of plant communities, as the plant species have different abilities to regenerate.Key words: arctic plants, tundra, winter, snow, frost Mots clés: plantes arctiques, toundra, hiver, neige, gel Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Arctic Arctique* Fennoscandian Subarctic toundra Tundra University of Calgary Journal Hosting Arctic ARCTIC 44 2 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
University of Calgary Journal Hosting |
op_collection_id |
ftunivcalgaryojs |
language |
English |
topic |
Animal ecology Animal food Cold adaptation Effects of climate on plants Evolution (Biology) Plant distribution Plants (Biology) Predation Tundra ecology Winter ecology Scandinavia |
spellingShingle |
Animal ecology Animal food Cold adaptation Effects of climate on plants Evolution (Biology) Plant distribution Plants (Biology) Predation Tundra ecology Winter ecology Scandinavia Sonesson, Mats Callaghan, Terry V. Strategies of Survival in Plants of the Fennoscandian Tundra |
topic_facet |
Animal ecology Animal food Cold adaptation Effects of climate on plants Evolution (Biology) Plant distribution Plants (Biology) Predation Tundra ecology Winter ecology Scandinavia |
description |
Many arctic species originated outside the Arctic and some of their physiological responses are similar to those in temperate latitudes. Unique adaptations to the Arctic have rarely been found. The recent influx of other species has, however, broken down reproductive barriers and gene flow has been stimulated. In extreme arctic environments, selection forces driving evolution are mainly of the physical environment and plant interactions are positive. Elsewhere, biotic factors, such as herbivory, are important and plant interactions become negative through competition. Physical selective forces operate in winter and summer. Low winter temperatures rarely affect arctic plants, but snow depth and duration influence species distributions. Deep and persistent snow deforms plants and limits the period of resource acquisition. Cryptogams are common in such snow beds. Little or no snow cover exposes plants to abrasion by wind-blown particles and desiccation. In such fell-field sites, deciduous species and xerophytes, such as evergreen cushion plants, are common. Arctic summers are short and developmental processes are extended beyond one growing season, with perennials predominating. Cushion plants efficiently increase their temperatures above ambient, while evergreen and deciduous ericaceous dwarf shrubs coexist and have complementary strategies for intercepting radiation in a low canopy. Tundra soils are generally infertile and may be disturbed by freeze/thaw cycles. Nutrients are conserved by cycling within shoots and between ramets within clones. Vegetative proliferation enhances the survival of young ramets, while physiological integration between ramets enables young ramets to forage across patchy environments. Negative plant-animal relationships are particularly important in the Subarctic. Periodic infestation of moth caterpillars defoliate large areas of mountain birch and stimulate increases in populations of their predators. Periodic population peaks of small rodents graze or kill much vegetation and they may moderate the dynamic structure of plant communities, as the plant species have different abilities to regenerate.Key words: arctic plants, tundra, winter, snow, frost Mots clés: plantes arctiques, toundra, hiver, neige, gel |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Sonesson, Mats Callaghan, Terry V. |
author_facet |
Sonesson, Mats Callaghan, Terry V. |
author_sort |
Sonesson, Mats |
title |
Strategies of Survival in Plants of the Fennoscandian Tundra |
title_short |
Strategies of Survival in Plants of the Fennoscandian Tundra |
title_full |
Strategies of Survival in Plants of the Fennoscandian Tundra |
title_fullStr |
Strategies of Survival in Plants of the Fennoscandian Tundra |
title_full_unstemmed |
Strategies of Survival in Plants of the Fennoscandian Tundra |
title_sort |
strategies of survival in plants of the fennoscandian tundra |
publisher |
The Arctic Institute of North America |
publishDate |
1991 |
url |
https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64579 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic Arctic Arctique* Fennoscandian Subarctic toundra Tundra |
genre_facet |
Arctic Arctic Arctique* Fennoscandian Subarctic toundra Tundra |
op_source |
ARCTIC; Vol. 44 No. 2 (1991): June: 95–175; 95-105 1923-1245 0004-0843 |
op_relation |
https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64579/48493 https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64579 |
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ARCTIC |
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44 |
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2 |
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