International Management of Whales and Whaling: An Historical Review of the Regulation of Commercial and Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling
The exploitation of whales has spread over the centuries from coastal to international waters, and from pole to pole. Despite the successive depletion of one species and stock after another, not until the 20th century were attempts instituted to regulate the industry and the catches at an internatio...
Published in: | ARCTIC |
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Main Author: | |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
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The Arctic Institute of North America
1993
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Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64385 |
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Environmental policy History International Whaling Commission Law Native peoples Public opinion Subsistence Sustainable economic development Whales Whaling Wildlife management Arctic regions |
spellingShingle |
Environmental policy History International Whaling Commission Law Native peoples Public opinion Subsistence Sustainable economic development Whales Whaling Wildlife management Arctic regions Gambell, Ray International Management of Whales and Whaling: An Historical Review of the Regulation of Commercial and Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling |
topic_facet |
Environmental policy History International Whaling Commission Law Native peoples Public opinion Subsistence Sustainable economic development Whales Whaling Wildlife management Arctic regions |
description |
The exploitation of whales has spread over the centuries from coastal to international waters, and from pole to pole. Despite the successive depletion of one species and stock after another, not until the 20th century were attempts instituted to regulate the industry and the catches at an international level. Agreements among the whaling companies competing in the Antarctic in the 1930s were closely followed by intergovernmental agreements, culminating in the 1946 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, which established the International Whaling Commission. In 1975 the commission adopted its "new management procedure" for commercial whaling, based on the concept of maximum sustainable yield. A separate but related management procedure for subsistence whaling operations was subsequently developed, largely because of the problems of the Alaskan bowhead hunt. This gave greater weight to the perceived dependence of the native communities on the hunt than to the status of the whale stock. The tensions between the objectives of the conservation of the whale resources and the orderly development of the whaling industry continue today. Commercial whaling is for the moment prohibited while a comprehensive assessment of stock status and trends is undertaken, together with the development of a revised management procedure. The impact of recent legislative thinking in the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, coastal state sovereignty, and the developing trend towards the precautionary principle of management has caused profound changes in the interpretation and application of the 1946 convention and the consequent management policies by which it is implemented.Key words: aboriginal, bowhead, conservation, exploitation, International Whaling Commission, management, regulation, subsistence, whaling L'exploitation des baleines s'est étendue, au cours des siècles, depuis les eaux côtières jusqu'aux eaux internationales, et d'un pôle à l'autre. Malgré l'épuisement successif des espèces et des stocks, il fallut attendre le XXe siècle pour que des essais soient entrepris afin de réglementer l'industrie et les prises au niveau international. Les accords conclus dans les années 30 entre les sociétés baleinières qui étaient en concurrence dans l'Antarctique ont été suivis de près par des accords intergouvernementaux, pour aboutir en 1946 à la Convention internationale pour la réglementation de la chasse à la baleine, qui établit la Commission baleinière internationale (CBI). En 1975, la Commission adopta sa «nouvelle procédure de gestion» pour la chasse commerciale à la baleine, fondée sur le concept du rendement équilibré maximal. Une procédure de gestion connexe mais distincte, concernant la chasse de subsistance a été mise au point par la suite, en raison surtout des problèmes de la chasse à la baleine boréale en Alaska. Cette dernière procédure accordait plus de poids à l'importance de la chasse pour les communautés indigènes qu'au statut du stock baleinier. Les tensions entre les objectifs de conservation des ressources baleinières et le développement ordonné de l'industrie baleinière persistent encore de nos jours. La chasse commerciale est, pour l'instant, interdite pendant qu'on entreprend une évaluation en profondeur de l'état et des tendances du stock, et qu'on révise la procédure de gestion. Les retombées des discussions récentes sur la législation lors de la Conférence des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer, la souveraineté des États côtiers, et la tendance croissante vers le principe de gestion préventive, ont causé de profonds changements dans l'interprétation et dans l'application de la Convention de 1946, ainsi que dans les politiques de gestion résultantes grâce auxquelles elle est mise en application.Mots clés: aborigène, baleine boréale, conservation, exploitation, Commission baleinière internationale, gestion, réglementation, subsistance,chasse à la baleine |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Gambell, Ray |
author_facet |
Gambell, Ray |
author_sort |
Gambell, Ray |
title |
International Management of Whales and Whaling: An Historical Review of the Regulation of Commercial and Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling |
title_short |
International Management of Whales and Whaling: An Historical Review of the Regulation of Commercial and Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling |
title_full |
International Management of Whales and Whaling: An Historical Review of the Regulation of Commercial and Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling |
title_fullStr |
International Management of Whales and Whaling: An Historical Review of the Regulation of Commercial and Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling |
title_full_unstemmed |
International Management of Whales and Whaling: An Historical Review of the Regulation of Commercial and Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling |
title_sort |
international management of whales and whaling: an historical review of the regulation of commercial and aboriginal subsistence whaling |
publisher |
The Arctic Institute of North America |
publishDate |
1993 |
url |
https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64385 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(140.012,140.012,-66.649,-66.649) ENVELOPE(140.015,140.015,-66.664,-66.664) ENVELOPE(140.012,140.012,-66.649,-66.649) |
geographic |
Antarctic Arctic Baleine Baleinière la Baleine The Antarctic |
geographic_facet |
Antarctic Arctic Baleine Baleinière la Baleine The Antarctic |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic Arctic Arctic baleine boréale Law of the Sea Alaska |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic Arctic Arctic baleine boréale Law of the Sea Alaska |
op_source |
ARCTIC; Vol. 46 No. 2 (1993): June: 97–188; 97-107 1923-1245 0004-0843 |
op_relation |
https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64385/48320 https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64385 |
container_title |
ARCTIC |
container_volume |
46 |
container_issue |
2 |
_version_ |
1766260944382459904 |
spelling |
ftunivcalgaryojs:oai:journalhosting.ucalgary.ca:article/64385 2023-05-15T13:54:49+02:00 International Management of Whales and Whaling: An Historical Review of the Regulation of Commercial and Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling Gambell, Ray 1993-01-01 application/pdf https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64385 eng eng The Arctic Institute of North America https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64385/48320 https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64385 ARCTIC; Vol. 46 No. 2 (1993): June: 97–188; 97-107 1923-1245 0004-0843 Environmental policy History International Whaling Commission Law Native peoples Public opinion Subsistence Sustainable economic development Whales Whaling Wildlife management Arctic regions info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion research-article 1993 ftunivcalgaryojs 2022-03-22T21:21:38Z The exploitation of whales has spread over the centuries from coastal to international waters, and from pole to pole. Despite the successive depletion of one species and stock after another, not until the 20th century were attempts instituted to regulate the industry and the catches at an international level. Agreements among the whaling companies competing in the Antarctic in the 1930s were closely followed by intergovernmental agreements, culminating in the 1946 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, which established the International Whaling Commission. In 1975 the commission adopted its "new management procedure" for commercial whaling, based on the concept of maximum sustainable yield. A separate but related management procedure for subsistence whaling operations was subsequently developed, largely because of the problems of the Alaskan bowhead hunt. This gave greater weight to the perceived dependence of the native communities on the hunt than to the status of the whale stock. The tensions between the objectives of the conservation of the whale resources and the orderly development of the whaling industry continue today. Commercial whaling is for the moment prohibited while a comprehensive assessment of stock status and trends is undertaken, together with the development of a revised management procedure. The impact of recent legislative thinking in the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, coastal state sovereignty, and the developing trend towards the precautionary principle of management has caused profound changes in the interpretation and application of the 1946 convention and the consequent management policies by which it is implemented.Key words: aboriginal, bowhead, conservation, exploitation, International Whaling Commission, management, regulation, subsistence, whaling L'exploitation des baleines s'est étendue, au cours des siècles, depuis les eaux côtières jusqu'aux eaux internationales, et d'un pôle à l'autre. Malgré l'épuisement successif des espèces et des stocks, il fallut attendre le XXe siècle pour que des essais soient entrepris afin de réglementer l'industrie et les prises au niveau international. Les accords conclus dans les années 30 entre les sociétés baleinières qui étaient en concurrence dans l'Antarctique ont été suivis de près par des accords intergouvernementaux, pour aboutir en 1946 à la Convention internationale pour la réglementation de la chasse à la baleine, qui établit la Commission baleinière internationale (CBI). En 1975, la Commission adopta sa «nouvelle procédure de gestion» pour la chasse commerciale à la baleine, fondée sur le concept du rendement équilibré maximal. Une procédure de gestion connexe mais distincte, concernant la chasse de subsistance a été mise au point par la suite, en raison surtout des problèmes de la chasse à la baleine boréale en Alaska. Cette dernière procédure accordait plus de poids à l'importance de la chasse pour les communautés indigènes qu'au statut du stock baleinier. Les tensions entre les objectifs de conservation des ressources baleinières et le développement ordonné de l'industrie baleinière persistent encore de nos jours. La chasse commerciale est, pour l'instant, interdite pendant qu'on entreprend une évaluation en profondeur de l'état et des tendances du stock, et qu'on révise la procédure de gestion. Les retombées des discussions récentes sur la législation lors de la Conférence des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer, la souveraineté des États côtiers, et la tendance croissante vers le principe de gestion préventive, ont causé de profonds changements dans l'interprétation et dans l'application de la Convention de 1946, ainsi que dans les politiques de gestion résultantes grâce auxquelles elle est mise en application.Mots clés: aborigène, baleine boréale, conservation, exploitation, Commission baleinière internationale, gestion, réglementation, subsistance,chasse à la baleine Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctic Arctic Arctic baleine boréale Law of the Sea Alaska University of Calgary Journal Hosting Antarctic Arctic Baleine ENVELOPE(140.012,140.012,-66.649,-66.649) Baleinière ENVELOPE(140.015,140.015,-66.664,-66.664) la Baleine ENVELOPE(140.012,140.012,-66.649,-66.649) The Antarctic ARCTIC 46 2 |