Viking Expansion Northwards: Mediaeval Sources
Evidence for Scandinavian activities in the northwestern part of the Barents Sea is scanty; according to the Annals, Svalbard (i) was discovered in 1194, but the entry refers to Jan Mayen rather than present-day Svalbard/Spitsbergen. By contrast, the southern fringe of the Barents Sea was more than...
Published in: | ARCTIC |
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Main Authors: | , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
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The Arctic Institute of North America
1995
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Online Access: | https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64300 |
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Archaeology Archives Exploration History Human migration Hunting Legends Norse Research Saami Sailing directions Trade and barter Whaling Beloye More Jan Mayen Russian Federation Svalbard |
spellingShingle |
Archaeology Archives Exploration History Human migration Hunting Legends Norse Research Saami Sailing directions Trade and barter Whaling Beloye More Jan Mayen Russian Federation Svalbard Hofstra, Tette Samplonius, Kees Viking Expansion Northwards: Mediaeval Sources |
topic_facet |
Archaeology Archives Exploration History Human migration Hunting Legends Norse Research Saami Sailing directions Trade and barter Whaling Beloye More Jan Mayen Russian Federation Svalbard |
description |
Evidence for Scandinavian activities in the northwestern part of the Barents Sea is scanty; according to the Annals, Svalbard (i) was discovered in 1194, but the entry refers to Jan Mayen rather than present-day Svalbard/Spitsbergen. By contrast, the southern fringe of the Barents Sea was more than once crossed by Vikings on their way to Bjarmaland (Russia) in the White Sea area. As early as the end of the ninth century, an Old English source tells of a Norse expedition to that area and Old Norse sources indicate the existence of trade links back to the tenth century, possible even earlier. The commodities traded and levied were tusks, precious furs and skins. The trade, also with the nearby Sami, was controlled by Norse chieftains living on the coast south of Tromso, who competed for power with the kings of Norway. Both kings and chieftains were involved in the Bjarmaland expeditions, as can be seen from historical sources and from fiction. A final expedition took place in 1222. The trips to Bjarmaland did not lead to correct ideas about the geography of the Barents Sea area as a whole. Firm knowledge was limited, leaving room for superstition and learned speculations, such as a land-bridge to Greenland and a race of arctic giants, thought to live somewhere north of Bjarmaland. As to the Barents Sea proper, the sources reflect problems with sailing.Key words: Middle Ages, White Sea, Bjarmaland, Russia, Vikings, Norse, Sami, trade, superstition On ne possède que très peu d'indices attestant des activités scandinaves dans la partie nord-ouest de la mer de Barents. Selon les chroniques, le Svalbari fut découvert en 1194, mais l'entrée se réfère à Jan Mayen plutôt qu'au Svalbard/Spitzberg de maintenant. Par contre, la bordure méridionale de la mer de Barents a été traversée plus d'une fois par les Vikings en route vers le Bjarmaland (Russie) dans la région de la mer Blanche. Dès la fin du IXe siècle, un document en vieil anglais rapporte une expédition norroise dans cette région et des documents en vieux norrois révèlent l'existence de liens commerciaux remontant au Xe siècle, peut-être même avant. Les objets échangés et prélevés consistaient en défenses, fourrures précieuses et peaux. Le commerce, qui se faisait également avec les Samits tout proches, était contrôlé par les princes norrois habitant la côte au sud de Tromsø, qui luttaient pour le pouvoir avec les rois de Norvège. Rois comme princes participèrent aux expéditions du Bjarmaland, comme en attestent les sources historiques et les ouvrages de fiction. Une dernière expédition eut lieu en 1222. Les voyages au Bjarmaland ne permirent pas de se faire une idée juste de la géographie de la mer de Barents en général. On ne savait pour sûr que peu de choses, ce qui laissait place à la superstition et à des suppositions acquises, telles que l'existence d'un pont continental vers le Groenland et d'une race de géants arctiques, qu'on croyait vivre quelque part au nord du Bjarmaland. Quant à la mer de Barents même, les sources historiques témoignent de problèmes concernant la navigation.Mots clés: Moyen Âge, mer Blanche, Bjarmaland, Russie, Vikings, Scandinaves, Samits, commerce, superstition |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Hofstra, Tette Samplonius, Kees |
author_facet |
Hofstra, Tette Samplonius, Kees |
author_sort |
Hofstra, Tette |
title |
Viking Expansion Northwards: Mediaeval Sources |
title_short |
Viking Expansion Northwards: Mediaeval Sources |
title_full |
Viking Expansion Northwards: Mediaeval Sources |
title_fullStr |
Viking Expansion Northwards: Mediaeval Sources |
title_full_unstemmed |
Viking Expansion Northwards: Mediaeval Sources |
title_sort |
viking expansion northwards: mediaeval sources |
publisher |
The Arctic Institute of North America |
publishDate |
1995 |
url |
https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64300 |
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Arctic Barents Sea Beloye More Blanche Géants Greenland Jan Mayen Norway Svalbard Svalbard Tromso Tromsø White Sea |
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Arctic Barents Sea Beloye More Blanche Géants Greenland Jan Mayen Norway Svalbard Svalbard Tromso Tromsø White Sea |
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Arctic Arctic Arctique* Barents Sea Greenland Groenland Jan Mayen Mer Blanche Mer de Barents saami sami Spitzberg Svalbard Tromso Tromso Tromsø White Sea Spitsbergen |
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Arctic Arctic Arctique* Barents Sea Greenland Groenland Jan Mayen Mer Blanche Mer de Barents saami sami Spitzberg Svalbard Tromso Tromso Tromsø White Sea Spitsbergen |
op_source |
ARCTIC; Vol. 48 No. 3 (1995): September: 207–311; 235-247 1923-1245 0004-0843 |
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https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64300/48235 https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64300 |
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ftunivcalgaryojs:oai:journalhosting.ucalgary.ca:article/64300 2023-05-15T14:19:10+02:00 Viking Expansion Northwards: Mediaeval Sources Hofstra, Tette Samplonius, Kees 1995-01-01 application/pdf https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64300 eng eng The Arctic Institute of North America https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64300/48235 https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/64300 ARCTIC; Vol. 48 No. 3 (1995): September: 207–311; 235-247 1923-1245 0004-0843 Archaeology Archives Exploration History Human migration Hunting Legends Norse Research Saami Sailing directions Trade and barter Whaling Beloye More Jan Mayen Russian Federation Svalbard info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion research-article 1995 ftunivcalgaryojs 2022-03-22T21:21:32Z Evidence for Scandinavian activities in the northwestern part of the Barents Sea is scanty; according to the Annals, Svalbard (i) was discovered in 1194, but the entry refers to Jan Mayen rather than present-day Svalbard/Spitsbergen. By contrast, the southern fringe of the Barents Sea was more than once crossed by Vikings on their way to Bjarmaland (Russia) in the White Sea area. As early as the end of the ninth century, an Old English source tells of a Norse expedition to that area and Old Norse sources indicate the existence of trade links back to the tenth century, possible even earlier. The commodities traded and levied were tusks, precious furs and skins. The trade, also with the nearby Sami, was controlled by Norse chieftains living on the coast south of Tromso, who competed for power with the kings of Norway. Both kings and chieftains were involved in the Bjarmaland expeditions, as can be seen from historical sources and from fiction. A final expedition took place in 1222. The trips to Bjarmaland did not lead to correct ideas about the geography of the Barents Sea area as a whole. Firm knowledge was limited, leaving room for superstition and learned speculations, such as a land-bridge to Greenland and a race of arctic giants, thought to live somewhere north of Bjarmaland. As to the Barents Sea proper, the sources reflect problems with sailing.Key words: Middle Ages, White Sea, Bjarmaland, Russia, Vikings, Norse, Sami, trade, superstition On ne possède que très peu d'indices attestant des activités scandinaves dans la partie nord-ouest de la mer de Barents. Selon les chroniques, le Svalbari fut découvert en 1194, mais l'entrée se réfère à Jan Mayen plutôt qu'au Svalbard/Spitzberg de maintenant. Par contre, la bordure méridionale de la mer de Barents a été traversée plus d'une fois par les Vikings en route vers le Bjarmaland (Russie) dans la région de la mer Blanche. Dès la fin du IXe siècle, un document en vieil anglais rapporte une expédition norroise dans cette région et des documents en vieux norrois révèlent l'existence de liens commerciaux remontant au Xe siècle, peut-être même avant. Les objets échangés et prélevés consistaient en défenses, fourrures précieuses et peaux. Le commerce, qui se faisait également avec les Samits tout proches, était contrôlé par les princes norrois habitant la côte au sud de Tromsø, qui luttaient pour le pouvoir avec les rois de Norvège. Rois comme princes participèrent aux expéditions du Bjarmaland, comme en attestent les sources historiques et les ouvrages de fiction. Une dernière expédition eut lieu en 1222. Les voyages au Bjarmaland ne permirent pas de se faire une idée juste de la géographie de la mer de Barents en général. On ne savait pour sûr que peu de choses, ce qui laissait place à la superstition et à des suppositions acquises, telles que l'existence d'un pont continental vers le Groenland et d'une race de géants arctiques, qu'on croyait vivre quelque part au nord du Bjarmaland. Quant à la mer de Barents même, les sources historiques témoignent de problèmes concernant la navigation.Mots clés: Moyen Âge, mer Blanche, Bjarmaland, Russie, Vikings, Scandinaves, Samits, commerce, superstition Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Arctic Arctique* Barents Sea Greenland Groenland Jan Mayen Mer Blanche Mer de Barents saami sami Spitzberg Svalbard Tromso Tromso Tromsø White Sea Spitsbergen University of Calgary Journal Hosting Arctic Barents Sea Beloye More ENVELOPE(32.265,32.265,67.079,67.079) Blanche ENVELOPE(140.018,140.018,-66.663,-66.663) Géants ENVELOPE(140.011,140.011,-66.667,-66.667) Greenland Jan Mayen Norway Svalbard Svalbard ENVELOPE(20.000,20.000,78.000,78.000) Tromso ENVELOPE(16.546,16.546,68.801,68.801) Tromsø White Sea ARCTIC 48 3 |