Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic
During the 16th and 17th centuries, Basque whalers travelled annually to the Strait of Belle Isle and Gulf of St. Lawrence to hunt whales. The hunting that occurred during this period is of primary significance for the North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis (Müller, 1776), because it has be...
Published in: | ARCTIC |
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Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
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The Arctic Institute of North America
2009
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Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/63078 |
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University of Calgary Journal Hosting |
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topic |
Balaena mysticetus Eubalaena glacialis whaling Basque Little Ice Age historical population size DNA bone cytochrome b chasse à la baleine petit âge glaciaire taille de la population historique ADN ossement |
spellingShingle |
Balaena mysticetus Eubalaena glacialis whaling Basque Little Ice Age historical population size DNA bone cytochrome b chasse à la baleine petit âge glaciaire taille de la population historique ADN ossement McLeod, B.A. Brown, M.W. Moore, M.J. Stevens, W. Barkham, S.H. Barkham, M. White, B.N. Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic |
topic_facet |
Balaena mysticetus Eubalaena glacialis whaling Basque Little Ice Age historical population size DNA bone cytochrome b chasse à la baleine petit âge glaciaire taille de la population historique ADN ossement |
description |
During the 16th and 17th centuries, Basque whalers travelled annually to the Strait of Belle Isle and Gulf of St. Lawrence to hunt whales. The hunting that occurred during this period is of primary significance for the North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis (Müller, 1776), because it has been interpreted as the largest human-induced reduction of the western North Atlantic population, with ~12250–21 000 whales killed. It has been frequently reported that the Basques targeted two species in this region: the North Atlantic right whale and the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus L., 1758. To evaluate this hypothesis and the relative impact of this period of whaling on both species, we collected samples from 364 whale bones during a comprehensive search of Basque whaling ports from the 16th to the 17th century in the Strait of Belle Isle and Gulf of St. Lawrence. Bones were found and sampled at 10 of the 20 sites investigated. DNA was extracted from a subset (n = 218) of these samples. Analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome b region identified five whale species. The identification of only a single right whale bone and 203 bowhead whale bones from at least 72 individuals indicates that the bowhead whale was likely the principal target of the hunt. These results imply that this whaling had a much greater impact (in terms of numbers of whales removed) on the bowhead whale population than on the western North Atlantic right whale population. Aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles, les baleiniers basques se rendaient tous les ans au détroit de Belle Isle et au golfe du Saint- Laurent pour faire la chasse aux baleines. La chasse qui s’est effectuée pendant cette période revêt une grande importance pour la baleine franche ou baleine noire de l’Atlantique Nord, Eubalaena glacialis (Müller, 1776), car cette activité serait interprétée comme la plus grande réduction de la population de baleines franches de l’Atlantique Nord causée par l’être humain, au rythme d’environ 12 250 à 21 000 baleines tuées. On a souvent signalé que les Basques visaient deux espèces dans cette région, soit la baleine franche de l’Atlantique Nord et la baleine boréale, Balaena mysticetus L., 1758. Pour évaluer cette hypothèse et l’incidence relative de cette période de pêche aux baleines sur ces deux espèces, nous avons recueilli des échantillons provenant de 364 ossements de baleines dans le cadre d’une recherche approfondie de ports basques de chasse à la baleine remontant aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles dans le détroit de Belle Isle et le golfe du Saint-Laurent. Des ossements ont été trouvés et échantillonnés à 10 des 20 sites ayant fait l’objet de notre recherche. De l’ADN a été extrait d’un sous-ensemble (n = 218) de ces échantillons. L’analyse mitochondriale cytochrome b de la région a permis d’identifier cinq espèces de baleines. L’identification d’un seul os de baleine franche et de 203 os de baleines boréales provenant d’au moins 72 individus laisse croire que la baleine boréale était probablement la cible principale des chasseurs. Ces résultats impliquent que la chasse à la baleine a eu des incidences beaucoup plus grandes (en termes de nombres de baleines éliminées) sur la population de baleines boréales que sur la population de baleines franches de l’ouest de l’Atlantique Nord. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
McLeod, B.A. Brown, M.W. Moore, M.J. Stevens, W. Barkham, S.H. Barkham, M. White, B.N. |
author_facet |
McLeod, B.A. Brown, M.W. Moore, M.J. Stevens, W. Barkham, S.H. Barkham, M. White, B.N. |
author_sort |
McLeod, B.A. |
title |
Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic |
title_short |
Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic |
title_full |
Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic |
title_fullStr |
Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic |
title_full_unstemmed |
Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic |
title_sort |
bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century basque whalers in the western north atlantic |
publisher |
The Arctic Institute of North America |
publishDate |
2009 |
url |
https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/63078 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(140.012,140.012,-66.649,-66.649) ENVELOPE(-55.357,-55.357,51.942,51.942) ENVELOPE(-57.115,-57.115,51.400,51.400) ENVELOPE(140.012,140.012,-66.649,-66.649) ENVELOPE(140.019,140.019,-66.666,-66.666) ENVELOPE(-57.115,-57.115,51.400,51.400) |
geographic |
Baleine Belle Isle Détroit de Belle Isle la Baleine Noire Strait of Belle Isle |
geographic_facet |
Baleine Belle Isle Détroit de Belle Isle la Baleine Noire Strait of Belle Isle |
genre |
Arctic Balaena mysticetus baleine boréale bowhead whale Détroit de Belle Isle Eubalaena glacialis North Atlantic North Atlantic right whale Strait of Belle Isle |
genre_facet |
Arctic Balaena mysticetus baleine boréale bowhead whale Détroit de Belle Isle Eubalaena glacialis North Atlantic North Atlantic right whale Strait of Belle Isle |
op_source |
ARCTIC; Vol. 61 No. 1 (2008): March: 1–118; 61-75 1923-1245 0004-0843 |
op_relation |
https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/63078/47018 https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/63078 |
container_title |
ARCTIC |
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61 |
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61 |
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ftunivcalgaryojs:oai:journalhosting.ucalgary.ca:article/63078 2023-05-15T14:19:03+02:00 Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic McLeod, B.A. Brown, M.W. Moore, M.J. Stevens, W. Barkham, S.H. Barkham, M. White, B.N. 2009-03-01 application/pdf https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/63078 eng eng The Arctic Institute of North America https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/63078/47018 https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/63078 ARCTIC; Vol. 61 No. 1 (2008): March: 1–118; 61-75 1923-1245 0004-0843 Balaena mysticetus Eubalaena glacialis whaling Basque Little Ice Age historical population size DNA bone cytochrome b chasse à la baleine petit âge glaciaire taille de la population historique ADN ossement info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion research-article 2009 ftunivcalgaryojs 2022-03-22T21:20:33Z During the 16th and 17th centuries, Basque whalers travelled annually to the Strait of Belle Isle and Gulf of St. Lawrence to hunt whales. The hunting that occurred during this period is of primary significance for the North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis (Müller, 1776), because it has been interpreted as the largest human-induced reduction of the western North Atlantic population, with ~12250–21 000 whales killed. It has been frequently reported that the Basques targeted two species in this region: the North Atlantic right whale and the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus L., 1758. To evaluate this hypothesis and the relative impact of this period of whaling on both species, we collected samples from 364 whale bones during a comprehensive search of Basque whaling ports from the 16th to the 17th century in the Strait of Belle Isle and Gulf of St. Lawrence. Bones were found and sampled at 10 of the 20 sites investigated. DNA was extracted from a subset (n = 218) of these samples. Analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome b region identified five whale species. The identification of only a single right whale bone and 203 bowhead whale bones from at least 72 individuals indicates that the bowhead whale was likely the principal target of the hunt. These results imply that this whaling had a much greater impact (in terms of numbers of whales removed) on the bowhead whale population than on the western North Atlantic right whale population. Aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles, les baleiniers basques se rendaient tous les ans au détroit de Belle Isle et au golfe du Saint- Laurent pour faire la chasse aux baleines. La chasse qui s’est effectuée pendant cette période revêt une grande importance pour la baleine franche ou baleine noire de l’Atlantique Nord, Eubalaena glacialis (Müller, 1776), car cette activité serait interprétée comme la plus grande réduction de la population de baleines franches de l’Atlantique Nord causée par l’être humain, au rythme d’environ 12 250 à 21 000 baleines tuées. On a souvent signalé que les Basques visaient deux espèces dans cette région, soit la baleine franche de l’Atlantique Nord et la baleine boréale, Balaena mysticetus L., 1758. Pour évaluer cette hypothèse et l’incidence relative de cette période de pêche aux baleines sur ces deux espèces, nous avons recueilli des échantillons provenant de 364 ossements de baleines dans le cadre d’une recherche approfondie de ports basques de chasse à la baleine remontant aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles dans le détroit de Belle Isle et le golfe du Saint-Laurent. Des ossements ont été trouvés et échantillonnés à 10 des 20 sites ayant fait l’objet de notre recherche. De l’ADN a été extrait d’un sous-ensemble (n = 218) de ces échantillons. L’analyse mitochondriale cytochrome b de la région a permis d’identifier cinq espèces de baleines. L’identification d’un seul os de baleine franche et de 203 os de baleines boréales provenant d’au moins 72 individus laisse croire que la baleine boréale était probablement la cible principale des chasseurs. Ces résultats impliquent que la chasse à la baleine a eu des incidences beaucoup plus grandes (en termes de nombres de baleines éliminées) sur la population de baleines boréales que sur la population de baleines franches de l’ouest de l’Atlantique Nord. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Balaena mysticetus baleine boréale bowhead whale Détroit de Belle Isle Eubalaena glacialis North Atlantic North Atlantic right whale Strait of Belle Isle University of Calgary Journal Hosting Baleine ENVELOPE(140.012,140.012,-66.649,-66.649) Belle Isle ENVELOPE(-55.357,-55.357,51.942,51.942) Détroit de Belle Isle ENVELOPE(-57.115,-57.115,51.400,51.400) la Baleine ENVELOPE(140.012,140.012,-66.649,-66.649) Noire ENVELOPE(140.019,140.019,-66.666,-66.666) Strait of Belle Isle ENVELOPE(-57.115,-57.115,51.400,51.400) ARCTIC 61 1 61 |