Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic

During the 16th and 17th centuries, Basque whalers travelled annually to the Strait of Belle Isle and Gulf of St. Lawrence to hunt whales. The hunting that occurred during this period is of primary significance for the North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis (Müller, 1776), because it has be...

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Published in:ARCTIC
Main Authors: McLeod, B.A., Brown, M.W., Moore, M.J., Stevens, W., Barkham, S.H., Barkham, M., White, B.N.
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: The Arctic Institute of North America 2009
Subjects:
DNA
ADN
Online Access:https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/63078
id ftunivcalgaryojs:oai:journalhosting.ucalgary.ca:article/63078
record_format openpolar
institution Open Polar
collection University of Calgary Journal Hosting
op_collection_id ftunivcalgaryojs
language English
topic Balaena mysticetus
Eubalaena glacialis
whaling
Basque
Little Ice Age
historical population size
DNA
bone
cytochrome b
chasse à la baleine
petit âge glaciaire
taille de la population historique
ADN
ossement
spellingShingle Balaena mysticetus
Eubalaena glacialis
whaling
Basque
Little Ice Age
historical population size
DNA
bone
cytochrome b
chasse à la baleine
petit âge glaciaire
taille de la population historique
ADN
ossement
McLeod, B.A.
Brown, M.W.
Moore, M.J.
Stevens, W.
Barkham, S.H.
Barkham, M.
White, B.N.
Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic
topic_facet Balaena mysticetus
Eubalaena glacialis
whaling
Basque
Little Ice Age
historical population size
DNA
bone
cytochrome b
chasse à la baleine
petit âge glaciaire
taille de la population historique
ADN
ossement
description During the 16th and 17th centuries, Basque whalers travelled annually to the Strait of Belle Isle and Gulf of St. Lawrence to hunt whales. The hunting that occurred during this period is of primary significance for the North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis (Müller, 1776), because it has been interpreted as the largest human-induced reduction of the western North Atlantic population, with ~12250–21 000 whales killed. It has been frequently reported that the Basques targeted two species in this region: the North Atlantic right whale and the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus L., 1758. To evaluate this hypothesis and the relative impact of this period of whaling on both species, we collected samples from 364 whale bones during a comprehensive search of Basque whaling ports from the 16th to the 17th century in the Strait of Belle Isle and Gulf of St. Lawrence. Bones were found and sampled at 10 of the 20 sites investigated. DNA was extracted from a subset (n = 218) of these samples. Analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome b region identified five whale species. The identification of only a single right whale bone and 203 bowhead whale bones from at least 72 individuals indicates that the bowhead whale was likely the principal target of the hunt. These results imply that this whaling had a much greater impact (in terms of numbers of whales removed) on the bowhead whale population than on the western North Atlantic right whale population. Aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles, les baleiniers basques se rendaient tous les ans au détroit de Belle Isle et au golfe du Saint- Laurent pour faire la chasse aux baleines. La chasse qui s’est effectuée pendant cette période revêt une grande importance pour la baleine franche ou baleine noire de l’Atlantique Nord, Eubalaena glacialis (Müller, 1776), car cette activité serait interprétée comme la plus grande réduction de la population de baleines franches de l’Atlantique Nord causée par l’être humain, au rythme d’environ 12 250 à 21 000 baleines tuées. On a souvent signalé que les Basques visaient deux espèces dans cette région, soit la baleine franche de l’Atlantique Nord et la baleine boréale, Balaena mysticetus L., 1758. Pour évaluer cette hypothèse et l’incidence relative de cette période de pêche aux baleines sur ces deux espèces, nous avons recueilli des échantillons provenant de 364 ossements de baleines dans le cadre d’une recherche approfondie de ports basques de chasse à la baleine remontant aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles dans le détroit de Belle Isle et le golfe du Saint-Laurent. Des ossements ont été trouvés et échantillonnés à 10 des 20 sites ayant fait l’objet de notre recherche. De l’ADN a été extrait d’un sous-ensemble (n = 218) de ces échantillons. L’analyse mitochondriale cytochrome b de la région a permis d’identifier cinq espèces de baleines. L’identification d’un seul os de baleine franche et de 203 os de baleines boréales provenant d’au moins 72 individus laisse croire que la baleine boréale était probablement la cible principale des chasseurs. Ces résultats impliquent que la chasse à la baleine a eu des incidences beaucoup plus grandes (en termes de nombres de baleines éliminées) sur la population de baleines boréales que sur la population de baleines franches de l’ouest de l’Atlantique Nord.
format Article in Journal/Newspaper
author McLeod, B.A.
Brown, M.W.
Moore, M.J.
Stevens, W.
Barkham, S.H.
Barkham, M.
White, B.N.
author_facet McLeod, B.A.
Brown, M.W.
Moore, M.J.
Stevens, W.
Barkham, S.H.
Barkham, M.
White, B.N.
author_sort McLeod, B.A.
title Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic
title_short Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic
title_full Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic
title_fullStr Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic
title_full_unstemmed Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic
title_sort bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century basque whalers in the western north atlantic
publisher The Arctic Institute of North America
publishDate 2009
url https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/63078
long_lat ENVELOPE(140.012,140.012,-66.649,-66.649)
ENVELOPE(-55.357,-55.357,51.942,51.942)
ENVELOPE(-57.115,-57.115,51.400,51.400)
ENVELOPE(140.012,140.012,-66.649,-66.649)
ENVELOPE(140.019,140.019,-66.666,-66.666)
ENVELOPE(-57.115,-57.115,51.400,51.400)
geographic Baleine
Belle Isle
Détroit de Belle Isle
la Baleine
Noire
Strait of Belle Isle
geographic_facet Baleine
Belle Isle
Détroit de Belle Isle
la Baleine
Noire
Strait of Belle Isle
genre Arctic
Balaena mysticetus
baleine boréale
bowhead whale
Détroit de Belle Isle
Eubalaena glacialis
North Atlantic
North Atlantic right whale
Strait of Belle Isle
genre_facet Arctic
Balaena mysticetus
baleine boréale
bowhead whale
Détroit de Belle Isle
Eubalaena glacialis
North Atlantic
North Atlantic right whale
Strait of Belle Isle
op_source ARCTIC; Vol. 61 No. 1 (2008): March: 1–118; 61-75
1923-1245
0004-0843
op_relation https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/63078/47018
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container_title ARCTIC
container_volume 61
container_issue 1
container_start_page 61
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spelling ftunivcalgaryojs:oai:journalhosting.ucalgary.ca:article/63078 2023-05-15T14:19:03+02:00 Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic McLeod, B.A. Brown, M.W. Moore, M.J. Stevens, W. Barkham, S.H. Barkham, M. White, B.N. 2009-03-01 application/pdf https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/63078 eng eng The Arctic Institute of North America https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/63078/47018 https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/63078 ARCTIC; Vol. 61 No. 1 (2008): March: 1–118; 61-75 1923-1245 0004-0843 Balaena mysticetus Eubalaena glacialis whaling Basque Little Ice Age historical population size DNA bone cytochrome b chasse à la baleine petit âge glaciaire taille de la population historique ADN ossement info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion research-article 2009 ftunivcalgaryojs 2022-03-22T21:20:33Z During the 16th and 17th centuries, Basque whalers travelled annually to the Strait of Belle Isle and Gulf of St. Lawrence to hunt whales. The hunting that occurred during this period is of primary significance for the North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis (Müller, 1776), because it has been interpreted as the largest human-induced reduction of the western North Atlantic population, with ~12250–21 000 whales killed. It has been frequently reported that the Basques targeted two species in this region: the North Atlantic right whale and the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus L., 1758. To evaluate this hypothesis and the relative impact of this period of whaling on both species, we collected samples from 364 whale bones during a comprehensive search of Basque whaling ports from the 16th to the 17th century in the Strait of Belle Isle and Gulf of St. Lawrence. Bones were found and sampled at 10 of the 20 sites investigated. DNA was extracted from a subset (n = 218) of these samples. Analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome b region identified five whale species. The identification of only a single right whale bone and 203 bowhead whale bones from at least 72 individuals indicates that the bowhead whale was likely the principal target of the hunt. These results imply that this whaling had a much greater impact (in terms of numbers of whales removed) on the bowhead whale population than on the western North Atlantic right whale population. Aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles, les baleiniers basques se rendaient tous les ans au détroit de Belle Isle et au golfe du Saint- Laurent pour faire la chasse aux baleines. La chasse qui s’est effectuée pendant cette période revêt une grande importance pour la baleine franche ou baleine noire de l’Atlantique Nord, Eubalaena glacialis (Müller, 1776), car cette activité serait interprétée comme la plus grande réduction de la population de baleines franches de l’Atlantique Nord causée par l’être humain, au rythme d’environ 12 250 à 21 000 baleines tuées. On a souvent signalé que les Basques visaient deux espèces dans cette région, soit la baleine franche de l’Atlantique Nord et la baleine boréale, Balaena mysticetus L., 1758. Pour évaluer cette hypothèse et l’incidence relative de cette période de pêche aux baleines sur ces deux espèces, nous avons recueilli des échantillons provenant de 364 ossements de baleines dans le cadre d’une recherche approfondie de ports basques de chasse à la baleine remontant aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles dans le détroit de Belle Isle et le golfe du Saint-Laurent. Des ossements ont été trouvés et échantillonnés à 10 des 20 sites ayant fait l’objet de notre recherche. De l’ADN a été extrait d’un sous-ensemble (n = 218) de ces échantillons. L’analyse mitochondriale cytochrome b de la région a permis d’identifier cinq espèces de baleines. L’identification d’un seul os de baleine franche et de 203 os de baleines boréales provenant d’au moins 72 individus laisse croire que la baleine boréale était probablement la cible principale des chasseurs. Ces résultats impliquent que la chasse à la baleine a eu des incidences beaucoup plus grandes (en termes de nombres de baleines éliminées) sur la population de baleines boréales que sur la population de baleines franches de l’ouest de l’Atlantique Nord. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Balaena mysticetus baleine boréale bowhead whale Détroit de Belle Isle Eubalaena glacialis North Atlantic North Atlantic right whale Strait of Belle Isle University of Calgary Journal Hosting Baleine ENVELOPE(140.012,140.012,-66.649,-66.649) Belle Isle ENVELOPE(-55.357,-55.357,51.942,51.942) Détroit de Belle Isle ENVELOPE(-57.115,-57.115,51.400,51.400) la Baleine ENVELOPE(140.012,140.012,-66.649,-66.649) Noire ENVELOPE(140.019,140.019,-66.666,-66.666) Strait of Belle Isle ENVELOPE(-57.115,-57.115,51.400,51.400) ARCTIC 61 1 61