Learning and adaptation as conservation practices in resilient traditional socio-ecological systems: The Elder Brothers of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta

A history of interaction between traditional socialcommunities and the environment forms arelationship that can be understood by examiningthese interactions through the theory ofcomplex systems. The process of interactionnot only develops knowledge applicable to traditional agricultureor hunting and...

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Published in:Revista de Tecnología
Main Author: Gelves Gómez, Francisco Felipe
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:Spanish
Published: Universidad El Bosque 2015
Subjects:
Polar Research
Online Access:https://revistas.unbosque.edu.co/index.php/RevTec/article/view/654
https://doi.org/10.18270/rt.v12i1.654
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collection Revistas de la Universidad El Bosque
op_collection_id ftunivbosqueojs
language Spanish
description A history of interaction between traditional socialcommunities and the environment forms arelationship that can be understood by examiningthese interactions through the theory ofcomplex systems. The process of interactionnot only develops knowledge applicable to traditional agricultureor hunting and gathering but also promotes conservation practices.This paper examines the socio-ecological system establishedbetween the traditional inhabitants of Sierra Nevada de SantaMarta, and its ecosystem. It establishes theoretical foundationsthrough literature review of topics such as learning and knowledgedevelopment, resilience and conservation management of socioecologicalsystems. Traditional indigenous communities of SierraNevada de Santa Marta continually adapt and learn from theirenvironment reinforcing their conservation customs. Furtheranalysis of the social-environment relationship elicits a descriptionof a robust traditional socio-ecological system. A system resilientto outside pressures and environmental change through activeconservation. A history of interaction between traditional socialcommunities and the environment forms arelationship that can be understood by examiningthese interactions through the theory ofcomplex systems. The process of interactionnot only develops knowledge applicable to traditional agricultureor hunting and gathering but also promotes conservation practices.This paper examines the socio-ecological system establishedbetween the traditional inhabitants of Sierra Nevada de SantaMarta, and its ecosystem. It establishes theoretical foundationsthrough literature review of topics such as learning and knowledgedevelopment, resilience and conservation management of socioecologicalsystems. Traditional indigenous communities of SierraNevada de Santa Marta continually adapt and learn from theirenvironment reinforcing their conservation customs. Furtheranalysis of the social-environment relationship elicits a descriptionof a robust traditional socio-ecological system. A system resilientto outside ...
format Article in Journal/Newspaper
author Gelves Gómez, Francisco Felipe
spellingShingle Gelves Gómez, Francisco Felipe
Learning and adaptation as conservation practices in resilient traditional socio-ecological systems: The Elder Brothers of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
author_facet Gelves Gómez, Francisco Felipe
author_sort Gelves Gómez, Francisco Felipe
title Learning and adaptation as conservation practices in resilient traditional socio-ecological systems: The Elder Brothers of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
title_short Learning and adaptation as conservation practices in resilient traditional socio-ecological systems: The Elder Brothers of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
title_full Learning and adaptation as conservation practices in resilient traditional socio-ecological systems: The Elder Brothers of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
title_fullStr Learning and adaptation as conservation practices in resilient traditional socio-ecological systems: The Elder Brothers of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
title_full_unstemmed Learning and adaptation as conservation practices in resilient traditional socio-ecological systems: The Elder Brothers of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
title_sort learning and adaptation as conservation practices in resilient traditional socio-ecological systems: the elder brothers of sierra nevada de santa marta
publisher Universidad El Bosque
publishDate 2015
url https://revistas.unbosque.edu.co/index.php/RevTec/article/view/654
https://doi.org/10.18270/rt.v12i1.654
genre Polar Research
genre_facet Polar Research
op_source Journal of Technology; Vol. 12 No. 1 (2013): Pictogramas muiscas, tecnología al servicio de la sociedad ancestral cundiboyacense; 99-109
Revista de Tecnología (Archivo); Vol. 12 Núm. 1 (2013): Pictogramas muiscas, tecnología al servicio de la sociedad ancestral cundiboyacense; 99-109
1692-1399
op_relation https://revistas.unbosque.edu.co/index.php/RevTec/article/view/654/311
Dirhamsyah, “Traditional Fisheries Management of Flyingfish on the West Coast of Sulawesi, Indonesia,”Maritime Studies, vol. 161, pp. 2-12, 2008.
J. Kidegsesho and P. Mtoni, “The potentials for co-management approaches in western Serengeti, Tanzania,” Tropical Conservation Science, vol. 1,pp. 334-358, 2008.
M. Dowsley, “Community clusters in wildlife and environmental management: using TEK and community involvement to improve co-management in an era of rapid environmental change,”Polar Research, vol. 28, pp. 43-59, 2009.
D. Clark and S. Slocombe, “Adaptive Co-Management and Grizzly Bear-Human Conflicts in Two Northern Canadian Aboriginal Communities.,”Human Ecology, vol. 39, pp. 627-640, 2011.
F. Berkes and N. Turner, “Knowledge, learning and the evolution of conservation practice for socialecological system resilience,” Human Ecology, vol.34, pp. 479-494, 2006.
F. Berkes, J. Colding, and C. Folke, “Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management,” Ecological Applications, vol. 10, pp.1251-1262, 2000.
J. Ford and D. Martinez, “Special issue on traditional ecological knowledge,” Ecological Applications,vol. 10, 2000.
G. Rodríguez, “Indigenous knowledge as an innovative contribution to the sustainable development of the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia,”Ambio, vol. 29, pp. 455-458, 2000.
N. Turner, M. Ignance, and R. Ignance, “Traditional ecological knowledge and wisdom of aboriginal peoples in Brithish Columbia,” Ecological Applications,vol. 10, pp. 1275-1287, 2000.
P. Olsson, C. Folke, and F. Berkes, “Adaptive comanagement for building resilience in social-ecological systems,” Environmental Management, vol. 34,pp. 75-90, 2004.
I. Davidson-Hunt and F. Berkes, “Learning as you journey: Anishinaabe perception of socialecological environments and adaptive learning,”Conservation Ecology, vol. 8, 2003.
C. Folke, T. Carpenter, L. Elmqvist, C. Gunderson, C. Holling, B. Walker, J. Bengstsson, F. Berkes, J.Colding, K. Danell, M. Falkenmark, L. Gordon, R.Kasperson, W. Kautsky, A. Kinzing, S. Levin, K.Mäler, F.Moberg, L. Ohlsson, P. Olsson, E. Ostrom, W. Reid, J. Rockström, H. Savenije, and U. Svedi,“Resilience and sustainable development: Building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations,” International Council for Science, vol. 3, 2002.
C. Folke, J. Colding, and F. Berkes, “Synthesis:building resilience and adaptive capacity in social-ecological systems,” in Navigating social– ecological systems: Building resilience for complexity and change, F. Berkes, J. Colding, and C. Folke, Eds., ed United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
E. Ostrom, “A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems,” Science, vol. 325, pp. 419-422, 2009.
B. Walker and D. Salt, Resilience thinking: Sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world. United States of America: Island Press, 2006.
I. Davidson-Hunt and F. Berkes, “Nature and society through the lens of resilience: toward a human-in-ecosystem perspective,” in Navigating social-ecological systems: Building resilience for complexity and change, F. Berkes, J. Colding, and C. Folke, Eds., ed United States of America: Cambridge University Press, 2003
F. Berkes and C. Folke, “ Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and sustainability,” in Linking social and ecological systems: Management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience, F. Berkes and C. Folke, Eds., ed United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
R. Johannes, “Did indigenous conservation ethics exist?,” Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin, vol. 14, pp. 3-6, 2002.
D. Pelupessy, D. Bretherton, and A. Ride, “Indonesia,” in Community resilience in natural disasters, A. Ride and D. Bretherton, Eds., ed United States of America: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
A. Escobar, “Whose knowledge, whose nature? Biodiversity, conservation, and the political ecology of social movements,” Journal of political ecology, vol. 5, pp. 53-82, 1998.
D. Keith, T. Martin, E. McDonald-Madden, and C. Walters, “Uncertainty and adaptive management for biodiversity conservation,” Biological Conservation, vol. 144, pp. 1175-1178, 2011.
C. Laudine, Aboriginal environmental knowledge: Rational reverence. England: Ashgate, 2009.
E. Gómez, V. Reyes, P. Olsson, and C. Montes, “Traditional ecological knowledge and community resilience to environmental extremes: A casestudy in Doñana, SW Spain,” Global Enviromental
Change, vol. 22, pp. 640-650, 2012.
C. Holling, F. Berkes, and C. Folke, “Science, sustainability
and resource management,” in Linking social and ecological systems: Management practices and social mechanisms for building
resilience, F. Berkes and C. Folke, Eds., ed United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
B. Walker, L. Gunderson, A. Kinzing, C. Folke, S. Carpenter, and L. Schultz, “A handful of heuristics and some propositions for understanding resilience in social-ecological systems,” Ecology and
Society, vol. 11, pp. 1-15, 2006.
M. Hirschnitz-Garbers and S. Stoll-Kleemann,
“Opportunities and barriers in the implementation of protected area management: a qualitative metaanalysis of case studies from European protected areas,” The Geographical Journal, vol. 177, pp.
321-334, 2011.
B. Walker, S. Carpenter, J. Anderies, N. Abel, G. Cumming, M. Janssen, L. Lebel, J. Norberg, G.Peterson, and R. Pritchard, “Resilience management in social-ecological systems: a working hypothesis for
participatory approach,” Conservation Ecology, vol. 6, 2002.
C. Folke, “Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analysis,” Global Enviromental Change, vol. 16, pp. 252-267, 2006.
C. Allen, J. Fontaine, K. Pope, and A. Garmestani, “Adaptive management for a turbulent future,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 92, pp. 1339-1345, 2011.
P. Olsson and C. Folke, “Local ecological knowledge and institutional dynamics for ecosystem management: A study of Lake Racken atershed ,Sweden,” Ecosystems, vol. 4, pp. 85-104, 2001.
P. Olsson, T. Hahn, and C. Folke, “In press. Social-ecological transformation for ecosystem management: the development of adaptive co-management of wetland landscapes in southern Sweden,” Ecology and Society, 2004.
N. Turner, I. Davidson-Hunt, and M. O’Flaherty, “Living on the edge: Ecological and cultural edges as sources of diversity for social-ecological resilience.,” Human Ecology, vol. 31, pp. 439-461,
D. Armitage, R. Plummer, F. Berkes, R. Arthur, A. Charles, I. Davidson-Hunt, A. Diduck, N. Doubleday, D. Johnson, M. Marschke, P. McConney, E. Pinkerton, and E. Wollenberg, “Adaptive co-management
for social-ecological complexity,” Front Ecol Environ, vol. 95, pp. 95-102, 2009.
M. Tribin, G. Rodríguez, and M. Valderrama, The Biosphere Reserve of The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta: A pioneer experience of shared and co-ordinated management of a bioregion. France: UNESCO, 1999.
G. Muñoz, L. Balaguera, J. Cantillo, I. Uribe, P. Villalba, L. Camargo, A. Gómez, M. Jiménez, G. Laverde, M. Molina, M. Montaña, and T. Rodríguez, Plan de manejo Parque Nacional Natural Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Santa Marta: Unidad Administrativa Especial del Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales, Territorial Costa Atlantica, 2005.
Fundación Pro-Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Unidad de Parques Nacionales, The Nature Conservancy, and USAID, Evaluación ecológica rápida:Definición de áreas críticas para la conservación
en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Bogotá, 1998.
Fundación Pro-Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Plan de desarrollo sostenible de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Bogotá: Fundación Pro-Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 1997.
G. Rodríguez, “Sacred natural sites in zones of armed conflicts: The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia,” in Sacred especies and sites: Advances in biocultural conservation, G. Pungetti, G. Oviedo, and D. Hooke, Eds., ed United States of America: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
G. Montañez and O. Delgado, “Espacio, territorio y región: conceptos basicos para un proyecto nacional,” Cuadernos de geografía, pp. 120-133, 1998.
A. Ulloa, “Indigenous peoples of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta-Colombia: local ways of thinking climate change,” IOP Science, vol. 6, pp. 1-2, 2009.
op_rights Derechos de autor 2015 Revista de Tecnología
op_doi https://doi.org/10.18270/rt.v12i1.654
container_title Revista de Tecnología
container_volume 12
container_issue 1
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spelling ftunivbosqueojs:oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/654 2024-09-15T18:31:26+00:00 Learning and adaptation as conservation practices in resilient traditional socio-ecological systems: The Elder Brothers of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Gelves Gómez, Francisco Felipe 2015-10-05 application/pdf https://revistas.unbosque.edu.co/index.php/RevTec/article/view/654 https://doi.org/10.18270/rt.v12i1.654 spa spa Universidad El Bosque https://revistas.unbosque.edu.co/index.php/RevTec/article/view/654/311 Dirhamsyah, “Traditional Fisheries Management of Flyingfish on the West Coast of Sulawesi, Indonesia,”Maritime Studies, vol. 161, pp. 2-12, 2008. J. Kidegsesho and P. Mtoni, “The potentials for co-management approaches in western Serengeti, Tanzania,” Tropical Conservation Science, vol. 1,pp. 334-358, 2008. M. Dowsley, “Community clusters in wildlife and environmental management: using TEK and community involvement to improve co-management in an era of rapid environmental change,”Polar Research, vol. 28, pp. 43-59, 2009. D. Clark and S. Slocombe, “Adaptive Co-Management and Grizzly Bear-Human Conflicts in Two Northern Canadian Aboriginal Communities.,”Human Ecology, vol. 39, pp. 627-640, 2011. F. Berkes and N. Turner, “Knowledge, learning and the evolution of conservation practice for socialecological system resilience,” Human Ecology, vol.34, pp. 479-494, 2006. F. Berkes, J. Colding, and C. Folke, “Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management,” Ecological Applications, vol. 10, pp.1251-1262, 2000. J. Ford and D. Martinez, “Special issue on traditional ecological knowledge,” Ecological Applications,vol. 10, 2000. G. Rodríguez, “Indigenous knowledge as an innovative contribution to the sustainable development of the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia,”Ambio, vol. 29, pp. 455-458, 2000. N. Turner, M. Ignance, and R. Ignance, “Traditional ecological knowledge and wisdom of aboriginal peoples in Brithish Columbia,” Ecological Applications,vol. 10, pp. 1275-1287, 2000. P. Olsson, C. Folke, and F. Berkes, “Adaptive comanagement for building resilience in social-ecological systems,” Environmental Management, vol. 34,pp. 75-90, 2004. I. Davidson-Hunt and F. Berkes, “Learning as you journey: Anishinaabe perception of socialecological environments and adaptive learning,”Conservation Ecology, vol. 8, 2003. C. Folke, T. Carpenter, L. Elmqvist, C. Gunderson, C. Holling, B. Walker, J. Bengstsson, F. Berkes, J.Colding, K. Danell, M. Falkenmark, L. Gordon, R.Kasperson, W. Kautsky, A. Kinzing, S. Levin, K.Mäler, F.Moberg, L. Ohlsson, P. Olsson, E. Ostrom, W. Reid, J. Rockström, H. Savenije, and U. Svedi,“Resilience and sustainable development: Building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations,” International Council for Science, vol. 3, 2002. C. Folke, J. Colding, and F. Berkes, “Synthesis:building resilience and adaptive capacity in social-ecological systems,” in Navigating social– ecological systems: Building resilience for complexity and change, F. Berkes, J. Colding, and C. Folke, Eds., ed United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003. E. Ostrom, “A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems,” Science, vol. 325, pp. 419-422, 2009. B. Walker and D. Salt, Resilience thinking: Sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world. United States of America: Island Press, 2006. I. Davidson-Hunt and F. Berkes, “Nature and society through the lens of resilience: toward a human-in-ecosystem perspective,” in Navigating social-ecological systems: Building resilience for complexity and change, F. Berkes, J. Colding, and C. Folke, Eds., ed United States of America: Cambridge University Press, 2003 F. Berkes and C. Folke, “ Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and sustainability,” in Linking social and ecological systems: Management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience, F. Berkes and C. Folke, Eds., ed United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1998. R. Johannes, “Did indigenous conservation ethics exist?,” Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin, vol. 14, pp. 3-6, 2002. D. Pelupessy, D. Bretherton, and A. Ride, “Indonesia,” in Community resilience in natural disasters, A. Ride and D. Bretherton, Eds., ed United States of America: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. A. Escobar, “Whose knowledge, whose nature? Biodiversity, conservation, and the political ecology of social movements,” Journal of political ecology, vol. 5, pp. 53-82, 1998. D. Keith, T. Martin, E. McDonald-Madden, and C. Walters, “Uncertainty and adaptive management for biodiversity conservation,” Biological Conservation, vol. 144, pp. 1175-1178, 2011. C. Laudine, Aboriginal environmental knowledge: Rational reverence. England: Ashgate, 2009. E. Gómez, V. Reyes, P. Olsson, and C. Montes, “Traditional ecological knowledge and community resilience to environmental extremes: A casestudy in Doñana, SW Spain,” Global Enviromental Change, vol. 22, pp. 640-650, 2012. C. Holling, F. Berkes, and C. Folke, “Science, sustainability and resource management,” in Linking social and ecological systems: Management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience, F. Berkes and C. Folke, Eds., ed United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1998. B. Walker, L. Gunderson, A. Kinzing, C. Folke, S. Carpenter, and L. Schultz, “A handful of heuristics and some propositions for understanding resilience in social-ecological systems,” Ecology and Society, vol. 11, pp. 1-15, 2006. M. Hirschnitz-Garbers and S. Stoll-Kleemann, “Opportunities and barriers in the implementation of protected area management: a qualitative metaanalysis of case studies from European protected areas,” The Geographical Journal, vol. 177, pp. 321-334, 2011. B. Walker, S. Carpenter, J. Anderies, N. Abel, G. Cumming, M. Janssen, L. Lebel, J. Norberg, G.Peterson, and R. Pritchard, “Resilience management in social-ecological systems: a working hypothesis for participatory approach,” Conservation Ecology, vol. 6, 2002. C. Folke, “Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analysis,” Global Enviromental Change, vol. 16, pp. 252-267, 2006. C. Allen, J. Fontaine, K. Pope, and A. Garmestani, “Adaptive management for a turbulent future,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 92, pp. 1339-1345, 2011. P. Olsson and C. Folke, “Local ecological knowledge and institutional dynamics for ecosystem management: A study of Lake Racken atershed ,Sweden,” Ecosystems, vol. 4, pp. 85-104, 2001. P. Olsson, T. Hahn, and C. Folke, “In press. Social-ecological transformation for ecosystem management: the development of adaptive co-management of wetland landscapes in southern Sweden,” Ecology and Society, 2004. N. Turner, I. Davidson-Hunt, and M. O’Flaherty, “Living on the edge: Ecological and cultural edges as sources of diversity for social-ecological resilience.,” Human Ecology, vol. 31, pp. 439-461, D. Armitage, R. Plummer, F. Berkes, R. Arthur, A. Charles, I. Davidson-Hunt, A. Diduck, N. Doubleday, D. Johnson, M. Marschke, P. McConney, E. Pinkerton, and E. Wollenberg, “Adaptive co-management for social-ecological complexity,” Front Ecol Environ, vol. 95, pp. 95-102, 2009. M. Tribin, G. Rodríguez, and M. Valderrama, The Biosphere Reserve of The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta: A pioneer experience of shared and co-ordinated management of a bioregion. France: UNESCO, 1999. G. Muñoz, L. Balaguera, J. Cantillo, I. Uribe, P. Villalba, L. Camargo, A. Gómez, M. Jiménez, G. Laverde, M. Molina, M. Montaña, and T. Rodríguez, Plan de manejo Parque Nacional Natural Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Santa Marta: Unidad Administrativa Especial del Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales, Territorial Costa Atlantica, 2005. Fundación Pro-Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Unidad de Parques Nacionales, The Nature Conservancy, and USAID, Evaluación ecológica rápida:Definición de áreas críticas para la conservación en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Bogotá, 1998. Fundación Pro-Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Plan de desarrollo sostenible de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Bogotá: Fundación Pro-Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 1997. G. Rodríguez, “Sacred natural sites in zones of armed conflicts: The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia,” in Sacred especies and sites: Advances in biocultural conservation, G. Pungetti, G. Oviedo, and D. Hooke, Eds., ed United States of America: Cambridge University Press, 2012. G. Montañez and O. Delgado, “Espacio, territorio y región: conceptos basicos para un proyecto nacional,” Cuadernos de geografía, pp. 120-133, 1998. A. Ulloa, “Indigenous peoples of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta-Colombia: local ways of thinking climate change,” IOP Science, vol. 6, pp. 1-2, 2009. Derechos de autor 2015 Revista de Tecnología Journal of Technology; Vol. 12 No. 1 (2013): Pictogramas muiscas, tecnología al servicio de la sociedad ancestral cundiboyacense; 99-109 Revista de Tecnología (Archivo); Vol. 12 Núm. 1 (2013): Pictogramas muiscas, tecnología al servicio de la sociedad ancestral cundiboyacense; 99-109 1692-1399 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 2015 ftunivbosqueojs https://doi.org/10.18270/rt.v12i1.654 2024-07-12T03:04:30Z A history of interaction between traditional socialcommunities and the environment forms arelationship that can be understood by examiningthese interactions through the theory ofcomplex systems. The process of interactionnot only develops knowledge applicable to traditional agricultureor hunting and gathering but also promotes conservation practices.This paper examines the socio-ecological system establishedbetween the traditional inhabitants of Sierra Nevada de SantaMarta, and its ecosystem. It establishes theoretical foundationsthrough literature review of topics such as learning and knowledgedevelopment, resilience and conservation management of socioecologicalsystems. Traditional indigenous communities of SierraNevada de Santa Marta continually adapt and learn from theirenvironment reinforcing their conservation customs. Furtheranalysis of the social-environment relationship elicits a descriptionof a robust traditional socio-ecological system. A system resilientto outside pressures and environmental change through activeconservation. A history of interaction between traditional socialcommunities and the environment forms arelationship that can be understood by examiningthese interactions through the theory ofcomplex systems. The process of interactionnot only develops knowledge applicable to traditional agricultureor hunting and gathering but also promotes conservation practices.This paper examines the socio-ecological system establishedbetween the traditional inhabitants of Sierra Nevada de SantaMarta, and its ecosystem. It establishes theoretical foundationsthrough literature review of topics such as learning and knowledgedevelopment, resilience and conservation management of socioecologicalsystems. Traditional indigenous communities of SierraNevada de Santa Marta continually adapt and learn from theirenvironment reinforcing their conservation customs. Furtheranalysis of the social-environment relationship elicits a descriptionof a robust traditional socio-ecological system. A system resilientto outside ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Polar Research Revistas de la Universidad El Bosque Revista de Tecnología 12 1

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