Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth from 500BCE to 1900CE
The injection of sulfur into the stratosphere by explosive volcanic eruptions is the cause of significant climate variability. Based on sulfate records from a suite of ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica, the eVolv2k database includes estimates of the magnitudes and approximate source latitudes...
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ftunivbern:oai:boris.unibe.ch:142500 2023-08-20T04:02:31+02:00 Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth from 500BCE to 1900CE Toohey, Matthew Sigl, Michael 2017-11-06 application/pdf https://boris.unibe.ch/142500/1/Toohey_2017_ESSD.pdf https://boris.unibe.ch/142500/ eng eng Copernicus Publications https://boris.unibe.ch/142500/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Toohey, Matthew; Sigl, Michael (2017). Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth from 500BCE to 1900CE. Earth System Science Data, 9(2), pp. 809-831. Copernicus Publications 10.5194/essd-9-809-2017 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-809-2017> 530 Physics 540 Chemistry 550 Earth sciences & geology info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion PeerReviewed 2017 ftunivbern https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-809-2017 2023-07-31T21:59:13Z The injection of sulfur into the stratosphere by explosive volcanic eruptions is the cause of significant climate variability. Based on sulfate records from a suite of ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica, the eVolv2k database includes estimates of the magnitudes and approximate source latitudes of major volcanic stratospheric sulfur injection (VSSI) events from 500 BCE to 1900 CE, constituting an update of prior reconstructions and an extension of the record by 1000 years. The database incorporates improvements to the ice core records (in terms of synchronisation and dating) and refinements to the methods used to estimate VSSI from ice core records, and it includes first estimates of the random uncertainties in VSSI values. VSSI estimates for many of the largest eruptions, including Samalas (1257), Tambora (1815), and Laki (1783), are within 10% of prior estimates. A number of strong events are included in eVolv2k which are largely underestimated or not included in earlier VSSI reconstructions, including events in 540, 574, 682, and 1108 CE. The long-term annual mean VSSI from major volcanic eruptions is estimated to be ~0.5 Tg [S] yr⁻¹, ~50% greater than a prior reconstruction due to the identification of more events and an increase in the magnitude of many intermediate events. A long-term latitudinally and monthly resolved stratospheric aerosol optical depth (SAOD) time series is reconstructed from the eVolv2k VSSI estimates, and the resulting global mean SAOD is found to be similar (within 33 %) to a prior reconstruction for most of the largest eruptions. The long-term (500 BCE–1900 CE) average global mean SAOD estimated from the eVolv2k VSSI estimates including a constant “background” injection of stratospheric sulfur is ~0.014, 30% greater than a prior reconstruction. These new long-term reconstructions of past VSSI and SAOD variability give context to recent volcanic forcing, suggesting that the 20th century was a period of somewhat weaker than average volcanic forcing, with current best estimates of ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctica Greenland ice core BORIS (Bern Open Repository and Information System, University of Bern) Greenland Laki ENVELOPE(-18.237,-18.237,64.070,64.070) Earth System Science Data 9 2 809 831 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
BORIS (Bern Open Repository and Information System, University of Bern) |
op_collection_id |
ftunivbern |
language |
English |
topic |
530 Physics 540 Chemistry 550 Earth sciences & geology |
spellingShingle |
530 Physics 540 Chemistry 550 Earth sciences & geology Toohey, Matthew Sigl, Michael Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth from 500BCE to 1900CE |
topic_facet |
530 Physics 540 Chemistry 550 Earth sciences & geology |
description |
The injection of sulfur into the stratosphere by explosive volcanic eruptions is the cause of significant climate variability. Based on sulfate records from a suite of ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica, the eVolv2k database includes estimates of the magnitudes and approximate source latitudes of major volcanic stratospheric sulfur injection (VSSI) events from 500 BCE to 1900 CE, constituting an update of prior reconstructions and an extension of the record by 1000 years. The database incorporates improvements to the ice core records (in terms of synchronisation and dating) and refinements to the methods used to estimate VSSI from ice core records, and it includes first estimates of the random uncertainties in VSSI values. VSSI estimates for many of the largest eruptions, including Samalas (1257), Tambora (1815), and Laki (1783), are within 10% of prior estimates. A number of strong events are included in eVolv2k which are largely underestimated or not included in earlier VSSI reconstructions, including events in 540, 574, 682, and 1108 CE. The long-term annual mean VSSI from major volcanic eruptions is estimated to be ~0.5 Tg [S] yr⁻¹, ~50% greater than a prior reconstruction due to the identification of more events and an increase in the magnitude of many intermediate events. A long-term latitudinally and monthly resolved stratospheric aerosol optical depth (SAOD) time series is reconstructed from the eVolv2k VSSI estimates, and the resulting global mean SAOD is found to be similar (within 33 %) to a prior reconstruction for most of the largest eruptions. The long-term (500 BCE–1900 CE) average global mean SAOD estimated from the eVolv2k VSSI estimates including a constant “background” injection of stratospheric sulfur is ~0.014, 30% greater than a prior reconstruction. These new long-term reconstructions of past VSSI and SAOD variability give context to recent volcanic forcing, suggesting that the 20th century was a period of somewhat weaker than average volcanic forcing, with current best estimates of ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Toohey, Matthew Sigl, Michael |
author_facet |
Toohey, Matthew Sigl, Michael |
author_sort |
Toohey, Matthew |
title |
Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth from 500BCE to 1900CE |
title_short |
Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth from 500BCE to 1900CE |
title_full |
Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth from 500BCE to 1900CE |
title_fullStr |
Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth from 500BCE to 1900CE |
title_full_unstemmed |
Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth from 500BCE to 1900CE |
title_sort |
volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth from 500bce to 1900ce |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2017 |
url |
https://boris.unibe.ch/142500/1/Toohey_2017_ESSD.pdf https://boris.unibe.ch/142500/ |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-18.237,-18.237,64.070,64.070) |
geographic |
Greenland Laki |
geographic_facet |
Greenland Laki |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctica Greenland ice core |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctica Greenland ice core |
op_source |
Toohey, Matthew; Sigl, Michael (2017). Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth from 500BCE to 1900CE. Earth System Science Data, 9(2), pp. 809-831. Copernicus Publications 10.5194/essd-9-809-2017 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-809-2017> |
op_relation |
https://boris.unibe.ch/142500/ |
op_rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-809-2017 |
container_title |
Earth System Science Data |
container_volume |
9 |
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2 |
container_start_page |
809 |
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831 |
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1774713020890480640 |