Pathogenicity, population genetics and dissemination of Bacillus anthracis.
Bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, procures its particular virulence by a capsule and two AB type toxins: the lethal factor LF and the edema factor EF. These toxins primarily disable immune cells. Both toxins are translocated to the host cell by the adhesin-internalin subunit call...
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ftunivbern:oai:boris.unibe.ch:123633 2023-08-20T04:05:34+02:00 Pathogenicity, population genetics and dissemination of Bacillus anthracis. Pilo, Paola Frey, Joachim 2018-10 application/pdf https://boris.unibe.ch/123633/1/2018%20Anthrax%20Review.pdf https://boris.unibe.ch/123633/ eng eng Elsevier https://boris.unibe.ch/123633/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Pilo, Paola; Frey, Joachim (2018). Pathogenicity, population genetics and dissemination of Bacillus anthracis. Infection, genetics and evolution, 64, pp. 115-125. Elsevier 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.024 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.024> 630 Agriculture info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion PeerReviewed 2018 ftunivbern https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.024 2023-07-31T21:48:36Z Bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, procures its particular virulence by a capsule and two AB type toxins: the lethal factor LF and the edema factor EF. These toxins primarily disable immune cells. Both toxins are translocated to the host cell by the adhesin-internalin subunit called protective antigen PA. PA enables LF to reach intra-luminal vesicles, where it remains active for long periods. Subsequently, LF translocates to non-infected cells, leading to inefficient late therapy of anthrax. B. anthracis undergoes slow evolution because it alternates between vegetative and long spore phases. Full genome sequence analysis of a large number of worldwide strains resulted in a robust evolutionary reconstruction of this bacterium, showing that B. anthracis is split in three main clades: A, B and C. Clade A efficiently disseminated worldwide underpinned by human activities including heavy intercontinental trade of goat and sheep hair. Subclade A.Br.WNA, which is widespread in the Northern American continent, is estimated to have split from clade A reaching the Northern American continent in the late Pleistocene epoch via the former Bering Land Bridge and further spread from Northwest southwards. An alternative hypothesis is that subclade A.Br.WNA. evolved from clade A.Br.TEA tracing it back to strains from Northern France that were assumingly dispatched by European explorers that settled along the St. Lawrence River. Clade B established mostly in Europe along the alpine axis where it evolved in association with local cattle breeds and hence displays specific geographic subclusters. Sequencing technologies are also used for forensic applications to trace unintended or criminal acts of release of B. anthracis. Under natural conditions, B. anthracis generally affects domesticated and wild ruminants in arid ecosystems. The more recently discovered B. cereus biovar anthracis spreads in tropical forests, where it threatens particularly endangered primate populations. Article in Journal/Newspaper Bering Land Bridge BORIS (Bern Open Repository and Information System, University of Bern) Lawrence River ENVELOPE(-115.002,-115.002,58.384,58.384) Infection, Genetics and Evolution 64 115 125 |
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Open Polar |
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BORIS (Bern Open Repository and Information System, University of Bern) |
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ftunivbern |
language |
English |
topic |
630 Agriculture |
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630 Agriculture Pilo, Paola Frey, Joachim Pathogenicity, population genetics and dissemination of Bacillus anthracis. |
topic_facet |
630 Agriculture |
description |
Bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, procures its particular virulence by a capsule and two AB type toxins: the lethal factor LF and the edema factor EF. These toxins primarily disable immune cells. Both toxins are translocated to the host cell by the adhesin-internalin subunit called protective antigen PA. PA enables LF to reach intra-luminal vesicles, where it remains active for long periods. Subsequently, LF translocates to non-infected cells, leading to inefficient late therapy of anthrax. B. anthracis undergoes slow evolution because it alternates between vegetative and long spore phases. Full genome sequence analysis of a large number of worldwide strains resulted in a robust evolutionary reconstruction of this bacterium, showing that B. anthracis is split in three main clades: A, B and C. Clade A efficiently disseminated worldwide underpinned by human activities including heavy intercontinental trade of goat and sheep hair. Subclade A.Br.WNA, which is widespread in the Northern American continent, is estimated to have split from clade A reaching the Northern American continent in the late Pleistocene epoch via the former Bering Land Bridge and further spread from Northwest southwards. An alternative hypothesis is that subclade A.Br.WNA. evolved from clade A.Br.TEA tracing it back to strains from Northern France that were assumingly dispatched by European explorers that settled along the St. Lawrence River. Clade B established mostly in Europe along the alpine axis where it evolved in association with local cattle breeds and hence displays specific geographic subclusters. Sequencing technologies are also used for forensic applications to trace unintended or criminal acts of release of B. anthracis. Under natural conditions, B. anthracis generally affects domesticated and wild ruminants in arid ecosystems. The more recently discovered B. cereus biovar anthracis spreads in tropical forests, where it threatens particularly endangered primate populations. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Pilo, Paola Frey, Joachim |
author_facet |
Pilo, Paola Frey, Joachim |
author_sort |
Pilo, Paola |
title |
Pathogenicity, population genetics and dissemination of Bacillus anthracis. |
title_short |
Pathogenicity, population genetics and dissemination of Bacillus anthracis. |
title_full |
Pathogenicity, population genetics and dissemination of Bacillus anthracis. |
title_fullStr |
Pathogenicity, population genetics and dissemination of Bacillus anthracis. |
title_full_unstemmed |
Pathogenicity, population genetics and dissemination of Bacillus anthracis. |
title_sort |
pathogenicity, population genetics and dissemination of bacillus anthracis. |
publisher |
Elsevier |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
https://boris.unibe.ch/123633/1/2018%20Anthrax%20Review.pdf https://boris.unibe.ch/123633/ |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-115.002,-115.002,58.384,58.384) |
geographic |
Lawrence River |
geographic_facet |
Lawrence River |
genre |
Bering Land Bridge |
genre_facet |
Bering Land Bridge |
op_source |
Pilo, Paola; Frey, Joachim (2018). Pathogenicity, population genetics and dissemination of Bacillus anthracis. Infection, genetics and evolution, 64, pp. 115-125. Elsevier 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.024 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.024> |
op_relation |
https://boris.unibe.ch/123633/ |
op_rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.024 |
container_title |
Infection, Genetics and Evolution |
container_volume |
64 |
container_start_page |
115 |
op_container_end_page |
125 |
_version_ |
1774716133182537728 |