Long-term studies of Crozet Island killer whales are fundamental to understanding the economic and demographic consequences of their depredation behaviour on the Patagonian toothfish fishery

• Published in: ICES Journal of Marine Science
• Main Authors: Guinet, Christophe, Tixier, Paul, Gasco, Nicolas, Duhamel, Guy
• Other Authors: Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Département Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: HAL CCSD 2015
• Subjects: depredation; patagonian toothfish; killer whales; demersal longlines; crozet archipelago; sperm whales; [SDE]Environmental Sciences; Killer Whale; Patagonian Toothfish; Sperm whale; Killer whale
• Online Access: https://hal.science/hal-01102633; https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu221

International audience This paper provides a synthesis of results obtained as part of a long-term collaborative study involving biologists, fishers, and resource managers—centring on the occurrence of killer whales in the Crozet Archipelago before and after the implementation of a demersal longline fishery forPatagonian toothfish. Depredation behaviour was reported as soon as the fishery was initiated, with dramatic effects on both the demographictrajectories of the killer whales and on the amount of fish lost by the fishers. Killer whales interacting with the fishery exhibited very high mortalityrates when illegal fishing took place, while killer whales not interactingwere unaffected.However, after illegal fishing ended, killer whales interactingwith the fishery exhibited both higher fecundity and survival rates compared with killer whales not interacting. Since whales typically removed fishentirely from the hooks, an adapted methodology that did not rely on determining the number of damaged fish was developed to estimate depredation rates. In the Crozet EEZ over a 10-year period, 33.9% of the total amount of Patagonian toothfish caught, representing a total of 28 million E, was estimated to be lost due to the combined effects of killer whale and sperm whale depredation. In an effort to reduce depredation losses, modifications to fishing methods, such as changing the fishing season, changing fishing areas when exposed to depredation and changing longline length and hauling speed were successfully tested. Acoustic deterrent deviceswere ineffective in deterring killer whales from depredating longlines. Alternative fishing gears, such as fish pots,were also tested.However, while providing encouraging results regarding the suppression of depredation and seabird bycatch, fish potswere not efficient enough to sustain an economically viable fishery. In conclusion, we discuss how the findings of this comprehensive study can be used elsewhere in fisheries confronted with depredation.