Passive acoustic localization of sperm whales to facilitate ship strike avoidance

• Main Author: Klosner, Michael
• Other Authors: Jesus, S. M.
• Format: Master Thesis
• Language: English
• Published: 2022
• Subjects: Cachalote; Colisões com navios; Monitorização acústica passiva; Localização acústica; Ray Tracing; Modelo Bellhop; Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Naturais::Outras Ciências Naturais; cachalote; Sperm whale
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/19083

Ship strikes are one of the leading causes of premature mortality among whales, accounting for the deaths of approximately 20,000 each year, with untold more being injured. Given the exponential increase in shipping traffic, estimated at 2 - 3% year-over-year, the potential for collisions continues to grow. Due to their large size, preferred habitats and sea surface behavior, the sperm whale is one of the species most vulnerable to ship strikes. In some populations, collisions with maritime vessels are the leading cause of death, premature or otherwise. This is particularly concerning considering that the sperm whale is listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as “Vulnerable” globally and “Endangered” in the Mediterranean region. Passive Acoustic Monitoring, or PAM, is an environmentally non-intrusive method by which naturally generated underwater sounds, such as the clicks made by sperm whales, are picked up by hydrophones (underwater recording devices) and analyzed to extract a variety of data, including the sound source’s location. In the current research, we use a PAM methodology known as Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) analysis, whereby different acoustic paths taken by sound waves from their source to a hydrophone are analyzed to extract the differences in time between their arrivals. Extracted TDOAs are compared to a theoretical model (in our case, the Bellhop ray tracing model) to extrapolate the source’s localization, which can then be fed into a live marine traffic system such as MarineTraffic (marinetraffic.com) to alert ships in the area to the presence and locations of the whales, so that they may take preventative action. In this dissertation, I present, inter alia, a working prototype, developed on the Matlab platform, for the detection and localization of sperm whales based on their vocalizations (clicks). As colisões com navios são uma das principais causas de mortalidade prematura entre as baleias, sendo responsáveis pela morte de aproximadamente 20.000 baleias a cada ano, com um ...